2010 ilerleme raporu - Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı

need for a transparent and objective review of the system. The gender gap in secondary andother levels of education persists.School textbooks still contain stereotypes about women’s role and status.There is evidence of an increase in honour killings. The number of shelters for women 22 andother preventive and protective services remains limited. There is no effective governmentoversight of shelters and of the work of municipalities. Inter-institutional cooperation needs tobe stepped up. Training of law enforcement bodies and public institutions, particularly in thefield of violence against women, needs to be sustained.As regards domestic violence, execution of the ECtHR judgment in the Opuz v. Turkey case ispending. Family courts have been applying severe sanctions in cases of domestic violence andhonour killings. However, this practice needs to be applied consistently. In one honour killingcase, the Court of Cassation reduced the penalty due to ‘unjust provocation’.Early and forced marriages remain a cause for concern. Such marriages could also lead toreproductive health risks and domestic abuse. There are no reliable figures on the incidence ofsuch marriages.Women’s organisations report deterioration in their dialogue and their cooperation withrelevant public institutions, at both central and local levels.Implementation of the national action plan on gender equality and violence against womenlacks sufficient human and financial resources. The action plan does not contain firm andmeasurable targets. A number of members of the judiciary were trained on gender issuesunder the protocol signed between the Directorate-General for Women's Status and theMinistry of Justice. However, additional national resources are required to sustain thistraining. A comprehensive approach to women’s rights has yet to be adopted, with theparticipation of women’s organisations.Overall, the legal framework guaranteeing women’s rights and gender equality is broadly inplace. This framework has been strengthened through the constitutional amendmentpermitting the adoption of positive discrimination measures for women. However, ensuringwomen's rights and gender equality in practice remain key challenges for Turkey. Notablysustained further efforts are needed to turn this legal framework into political, social andeconomic reality. Honour killings, early and forced marriages and domestic violence againstwomen remain serious problems. Legislation needs to be implemented consistently across thecountry. Further training and awareness-raising on women’s rights and gender equality areneeded.With respect to children’s rights, an amendment to the Constitution stipulates that measuresto guarantee children’s rights in practice cannot be interpreted as contrary to the principle ofequality. This would allow adoption of positive discrimination measures for children.The pre-school education enrolment rate for children between 4 and 5 years of age increasedto 39% in 2009-2010 from 33% in 2008-2009. The primary school enrolment rates (grades 1-22As of October 2010, the number of these shelters is 62, 11 of which were opened in 2010. The 2005Law on Municipalities provides, however, for establishment of shelters for women in municipalitieswith a population of 50 00 or more.EN 26 EN