To Speak or <strong>to</strong> Stay Silent, <strong>to</strong> Tell or Not <strong>to</strong> Tell(“My parents were avoiding speaking about this”)It has been already discussed that those survivors who settled in Eastern Armenia were facing difficultiestalking in public about their tragedy; memories related <strong>to</strong> that period of their life s<strong>to</strong>ry were either limited<strong>to</strong> small social micro networks or their own families. <strong>The</strong> problem of telling or not telling, however, was,and still is, related <strong>to</strong> personal decisions of an individual - his mindset, the commitment of surrounding individuals<strong>to</strong> listen <strong>to</strong> him, and a number of other fac<strong>to</strong>rs. Not everyone is able, or willing, <strong>to</strong> talk about thismost difficult period of their lives. <strong>The</strong>y are not able or willing <strong>to</strong> speak about everything. <strong>The</strong> ways of tellingor not telling, talking or keeping silent, were also different, and they remain different.Judging from the s<strong>to</strong>ries of our narra<strong>to</strong>rs, women were the main source of delivering s<strong>to</strong>ries about themassacres or the escape. Some were speaking readily about what had happened <strong>to</strong> them, what they hadseen, talking all the time about hardships that they had suffered, telling this <strong>to</strong> everyone. Others wereweeping all the time. Mother of Grish Badalyan and Nranhat was dedicating every day of her difficult life<strong>to</strong> s<strong>to</strong>ries about her parents and her greater family, forcing her children <strong>to</strong> become nolens volens witnessesof her sufferings. Being elderly people now, up <strong>to</strong> this day, they are not able <strong>to</strong> speak about thiswith dry eyes. Up <strong>to</strong> the end of her days Almast Harutyunyan’s mother, who survived at the age of 13,was weeping daily while repeating the extreme sufferings of her own mother. <strong>The</strong>reat, the word “Turk”is almost never mentioned in the s<strong>to</strong>ries of Almast’s mother Haykanush; her s<strong>to</strong>ries are mainly comprisedof descriptions of their suffering. When telling her s<strong>to</strong>ry, Haykanush never referred <strong>to</strong> the causeof their sufferings, she never looked <strong>to</strong> find who was guilty... She was just talking about these – aboutthe killing of her father and her mother, about the deaths of her underage sister and brother from coldand starvation, along with [giving descriptions of] the overwhelming sights that she had witnessed. It isamazing <strong>to</strong> see how small the theme of personal hardship was in the s<strong>to</strong>ry of Haykanush. It was her day<strong>to</strong>-daytragedy that forced Almast <strong>to</strong> deliver her mother’s s<strong>to</strong>ries <strong>to</strong> paper, publishing them as a book.This partially relieved Haykanush. It seemed <strong>to</strong> Haykanush that, if many people would find out aboutwhat had happened <strong>to</strong> her mother, then her mother would feel relieved in the other world.Men were less talkative, and their narrations were partially different from s<strong>to</strong>ries <strong>to</strong>ld by women. Firs<strong>to</strong>f all, since men were killed in excess, there are fewer men among survivors. Second, it seems <strong>to</strong> us thatthe feeling of guilt has also played a role among men: they should have helped out their family membersbut weren’t able <strong>to</strong> do so. <strong>The</strong>ir pride was hurt more, therefore they were talking and telling with greaterdifficulty. If male survivors have not lost their spirits and their human face as a result of new hardships-having <strong>to</strong> look after orphans, having <strong>to</strong> find a job and earn their living, etc.-, then they were mainlykeeping silent or, like their children - our present narra<strong>to</strong>rs – have indicated, they mainly preferred <strong>to</strong>128
speak <strong>to</strong> each other. Questioned by their children, they either replied very laconically, or mainly spokeabout their participation in the Armenian freedom movement.Both subject and methods of delivering the memories by men and women were different also at a laterstage, when children-survivors had grown up. Having grown up, boys used <strong>to</strong> deliver in writing, ratherthan narrating. <strong>The</strong>y used <strong>to</strong> write it “just for themselves.” On the one hand this can be explained by thefact that, while the subject was a forbidden issue, there were difficulties with distributing these writtenmaterials, with making them public; on the other hand, perhaps, by their motivation <strong>to</strong> write. Writingthings down is perhaps a way of partially getting rid of inwardly accumulated hardships.Girls, after growing up, were telling details about even the most inhumane events, while men preferredavoiding details. This phenomenon exists up <strong>to</strong> this day.In Ashnak village of Talin, Elya Davtyan recounted in detail the brutal s<strong>to</strong>ry that happened <strong>to</strong> her aunt.<strong>The</strong> s<strong>to</strong>ry was about how the young woman (Elya’s aunt) had run away with two kids after the massacreof all her other family members in Hosnut village of Talvorik. “Her name was Doureh. First her daughterdied from hunger on the exodus. <strong>The</strong>n she met askyars (soldiers), who hit her face with the butt ofthe riffle and her teeth were broken in her mouth. <strong>The</strong>n the askyars cut her abdomen making a crossand pulling out her intestines. <strong>The</strong>y thought she was dead and left her. But she had just fainted. <strong>The</strong>nshe recovered and saw that her son was pushing her. She found the strength in herself and put her intestinesback in her tummy, sewed her skin with the needle, tied up her son with her shirt and continued<strong>to</strong> move forward, scrambling and pulling the son. Her son also died in a couple of days. She broughtback the corpse of her son and buried it next <strong>to</strong> her daughter, And then found strength in herself <strong>to</strong> keepmoving. <strong>The</strong>n she found her relatives. Her uncle was Hamze Ptshuk and she lived in his house. When Icame <strong>to</strong> this house as a bride, she was already very old and I was the one <strong>to</strong> take care of her. Every timewhen I was bathing her I carefully washed the wounds on her tummy.” Mrs. Elya was very excited whiletelling this unbelievable s<strong>to</strong>ry, which as we found out was known by everybody in the village. Howeverher husband Derenik Kirakosyan, who was present at the time, was listening <strong>to</strong> what his wife was tellingwith a little frustration and left in the middle of the s<strong>to</strong>ry.Among our narra<strong>to</strong>rs, women were inclined <strong>to</strong> tell the details, whereas men generalized. Women weretalking about those who extended a helping hand and in what situations, telling what words did they use,what clothes did they give them, what food did they provide, where and how did they conceal them, etc.,whereas men were generalizing, in a few words, using expressions like “Turks from the neighboring village”,“women making a racket”, “governmental orders”, etc. Based on the s<strong>to</strong>ries of their relatives womenwere remembering and telling about the cases of brutality, giving the details of sufferings, whereas menspoke of the general phenomenon and carefully avoided references <strong>to</strong> cruelty. Among our narra<strong>to</strong>rs VasakToroyan, for example, several times remembered certain particular events, started <strong>to</strong> tell them, butthen interrupted himself, saying “No, no, it is not appropriate <strong>to</strong> talk about this in the presence of youngpeople”, referring <strong>to</strong> the students who participated in the interview (A.Qeshishyan and S. Haroutunyan).129
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Published by:Institut für Internat
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ContentsForeword...................
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ForewordThe project “Adult Educat
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Aras, Yasin Aras, Welat Ay, Cenk Ce
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The main audience of this book is o
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“Wish they hadn’t left”:The B
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ed by 1915 and where memories of Ar
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1915 tends to be represented by int
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Yet to a large extent, Turkish inte
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this, we can’t. It’s impossible
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een very advanced in trade and craf
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How to Come to Terms with Phantom P
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It is always you who has to be nice
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to the way he was raised: “They f
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empathize with Armenians: “My aun
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Adil is not the only one marked by
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ness may be an attempt to overcome
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dernity and the oral transmission o
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A soup pot with spoons around itAt
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What if My Mother is Armenian?Ruhi
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If I were younger I’d get baptize
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with butter. We’ll serve the impo
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The time Salih and Gavrik are worki
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Turkey’s changing context is refr
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‘It was to be expected.’ And my
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against one another. The feet of th
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Fear of Losing a CityZübeyde was b
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half for me.’ But what do our Mus
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e discussed when the kids were arou
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possible by the difference in relig
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The Charm of AraratMehmet is a 62-y
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dogs protected the sheep against wo
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The Story of the “Night People”
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“I don’t know why, but my grand
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Research in Armenia:“Whom to Forg
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- Page 82 and 83: “Private Stories”After the esta
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- Page 165: [Turk. wife]”. In the morning I t
- Page 168 and 169: 4 Albert Mamikonyan,1953, in Kirova
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