Muslims returned <strong>to</strong> Van, but not <strong>to</strong> their own houses: “After a while all the people returned, but thosewho returned settled in the Armenian quarter. <strong>The</strong>y weren’t buying anything. Everybody came, founda place, and settled.” Zübeyde’s grandfather moved in<strong>to</strong> the five s<strong>to</strong>rey house of the well-known AramPasha. Zübeyde defended her grandfather and his generation, saying that they didn’t have ‘designs onproperty’: “People of olden times didn’t have an ambition for money. <strong>The</strong>re was fraternity, sharing. Butnow?” However, the hidden treasures, cans of gold and the s<strong>to</strong>ries about them charmed everyone, includingZübeyde: “Our house used <strong>to</strong> belong <strong>to</strong> Aram Pasha. In the old days, the kitchen was full of jarsof food: rice, couscous, lentils. <strong>The</strong>re were two big jars of gold. <strong>The</strong>y came and <strong>to</strong>ok two jars of gold frombehind the bricks. My mother didn’t know. <strong>The</strong> Armenians moved the wall, the bricks where they hideverything, inside the wall.” According <strong>to</strong> Zübeyde’s narrative, some Armenians returned <strong>to</strong> Van <strong>to</strong> takethe gold they hid: “<strong>The</strong> Armenian comes and says, ‘This is my house.’ <strong>The</strong>y come after four-five yearsand say, ‘Look, here is a treasure. Remove this or that s<strong>to</strong>ne, here is a treasure.’ <strong>The</strong>y say, ‘Half for you,60
half for me.’ But what do our Muslims do? <strong>The</strong>y beat him good and send him away. <strong>The</strong>y didn’t give himfive cents.” And some Armenians come and take their gold “without letting anybody know.” Nevertheless,neither the treasures end, nor their s<strong>to</strong>ries: “<strong>The</strong>y still remain in the land of Van. Wherever new estatesare built, treasure is found when the hammer hits the ground.” Treasure promises progress as wellas sudden wealth: “<strong>The</strong> Armenians say ‘When the doors of the houses in Van are made of gold, and thewindows of silver, then we will say that they have discovered all of our treasures.’” <strong>The</strong> s<strong>to</strong>ries about“Armenian spells” only serve <strong>to</strong> reinforce the mystery. <strong>The</strong> gold on which Armenians have put a spell,“make some faint, and others die”.We’ll cover the castle of Van with a red cloth<strong>The</strong> Armenians as imagined by Zübeyde do not only want the treasures hidden in the land of Van or intheir old houses back, but the entire city: “<strong>The</strong>y want Van since eternity. I swear that they always wantedit; this side belongs <strong>to</strong> the Armenians. <strong>The</strong> Armenians have always said, ‘If we conquer the castle ofVan, we’ll cover it from <strong>to</strong>p <strong>to</strong> bot<strong>to</strong>m with a red cloth <strong>to</strong> shade it from the sun’.” Armenians’ attachment<strong>to</strong> Van is a source of fear for Zübeyde. While their houses and gold possess a mysterious charm,the image of the Armenian who will return one day <strong>to</strong> take his house and gold along with the city heonce owned spreads fear. Every issue, even the Kurdish issue is explained in reference <strong>to</strong> this image:“Why would a Turk kill a Turk otherwise? Why would a Muslim kill a Muslim? <strong>The</strong> Turks and Kurds arebrothers, brothers in religion if it were not for the Armenians. I swear that the Armenians do it. <strong>The</strong>rewasn’t anything with the Kurds. <strong>The</strong>y used <strong>to</strong> fight among themselves, they’d shoot each other and killeach other. <strong>The</strong>y didn’t have problems with Turks.”Besides the Armenians of the time of seferberlik who live in s<strong>to</strong>ries or the Armenians of an unknown futurewho will return <strong>to</strong> take back their city, there are also Armenians who live in the present. Zübeyde,who differentiates communities on the basis of religion, distinguishes her Islamicized Armenian neighborsfrom the Armenians in her s<strong>to</strong>ries. According <strong>to</strong> her, the Islamicized Armenians are “just like us”:“<strong>The</strong>re was my neighbor’s mother, she also passed away. She had had a child, forty days old. Armeniansbecame captives among Turks. <strong>The</strong> father of our neighbor here <strong>to</strong>ok one. <strong>One</strong> of his sons was left behindby the Armenians. Now we don’t call him Armenian. He became Muslim like us. He used <strong>to</strong> pray andfast. He didn’t drop the rosary from his hand.”<strong>The</strong> Armenians in Zübeyde’s memory are mythical figures who oblige her grandfather <strong>to</strong> migrate, whomigrate when it is their turn, putting a spell on and then burying their gold. <strong>The</strong>y still want <strong>to</strong> return <strong>to</strong>take the city, and push the Turks and Kurds in<strong>to</strong> war. <strong>The</strong>y certainly don’t resemble Zübeyde’s neighbors.Why is there such pervasive fear in Zübeyde’s narrative, when Armenians and Turks alike havesuffered in Van, and Turkish vic<strong>to</strong>ry prevailed?61
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Published by:Institut für Internat
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ContentsForeword...................
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ForewordThe project “Adult Educat
- Page 10 and 11: Aras, Yasin Aras, Welat Ay, Cenk Ce
- Page 12 and 13: The main audience of this book is o
- Page 15 and 16: “Wish they hadn’t left”:The B
- Page 17 and 18: ed by 1915 and where memories of Ar
- Page 19 and 20: 1915 tends to be represented by int
- Page 21 and 22: Yet to a large extent, Turkish inte
- Page 23 and 24: this, we can’t. It’s impossible
- Page 25 and 26: een very advanced in trade and craf
- Page 27 and 28: How to Come to Terms with Phantom P
- Page 29 and 30: It is always you who has to be nice
- Page 32 and 33: to the way he was raised: “They f
- Page 34 and 35: empathize with Armenians: “My aun
- Page 36 and 37: Adil is not the only one marked by
- Page 38 and 39: ness may be an attempt to overcome
- Page 40 and 41: dernity and the oral transmission o
- Page 42 and 43: A soup pot with spoons around itAt
- Page 44 and 45: What if My Mother is Armenian?Ruhi
- Page 46 and 47: If I were younger I’d get baptize
- Page 48: with butter. We’ll serve the impo
- Page 51 and 52: The time Salih and Gavrik are worki
- Page 53 and 54: Turkey’s changing context is refr
- Page 55 and 56: ‘It was to be expected.’ And my
- Page 57 and 58: against one another. The feet of th
- Page 59: Fear of Losing a CityZübeyde was b
- Page 63 and 64: e discussed when the kids were arou
- Page 65 and 66: possible by the difference in relig
- Page 67 and 68: The Charm of AraratMehmet is a 62-y
- Page 69 and 70: dogs protected the sheep against wo
- Page 71 and 72: The Story of the “Night People”
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- Page 75: Research in Armenia:“Whom to Forg
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- Page 80 and 81: “Whom to Forgive? What to Forgive
- Page 82 and 83: “Private Stories”After the esta
- Page 84 and 85: Recalling MemoriesOral history diff
- Page 86 and 87: In the village of Ujan, where the v
- Page 88 and 89: The home-museum of Gevork Chaush in
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- Page 94 and 95: sources and materials for their mem
- Page 96 and 97: Ergir’s Soil is Strong, Ergir’s
- Page 98: Tatevik, the granddaughterof Mihran
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- Page 103 and 104: The Gospel with Golden Binding of S
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- Page 107 and 108: In some families the passports of t
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People were so frightened to lose g
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naked, they were decapitating every
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Water, Fire, Desert“There was an
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his mother dragged him behind her,
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Many of our narrators mention the R
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In the word-stock of the survivors
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in Kurdish villages, and helping th
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“Well, They Are Human Too”Even
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member this well, they said, the el
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speak to each other. Questioned by
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Hamze Ptshuk, survived from Hosnut
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“I don’t Know...”Why did this
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“My Dear Almast, Write it Down, W
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took his rifle and ran. The dog fel
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she didn’t tell it to me. In the
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elder guy in this house died and hi
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AH - Turks always killed to get int
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“My Father used to Tell us at Hom
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person... I have never seen him, bu
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gotten what you knew”. So, out of
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a paid Adult Residential Facility,
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It was probably after 60s... My fat
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the Vardevar 1 day . Even if we mak
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that this wasn’t a dream... and..
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was our historical village. Nich, I
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just filming around myself with no
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that person whether I could take a
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[Turk. wife]”. In the morning I t
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4 Albert Mamikonyan,1953, in Kirova
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11 Almast Harutyunyan,1920, Ujan vi
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18 Eleonora Ghazaryan.1949, Ashnak
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26 Nairi Tajiryan,1936, Egypt (Cair
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33 Vazgen Ghukasyan,1933, Ashnak vi