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5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative Livelihood Option for Communities995.9 Contribution to Gender EmpowermentCage fish culture adopted in Kulekhani has contributed to strengthen women’sempowerment. One aspect is the strengthened role of women in the decision makingprocess. Among the farmers involved in cage fish farming, 111 families areprimarily represented by women. These women actively take part in all activitiesconcerning fisheries in Kulekhani, like attending meetings, workshops, dealingwith fingerling transportation, fish stocking, boating, harvesting, and marketing.One study reported that fisherwomen usually do not consume the captured or culturedfish at home, as fish could be sold at a relatively higher price. Instead theymostly buy water buffalo meat to supplement their household demand for animalprotein supply (Gurung 2005) . This might be a strategy to save money they earnfrom fish production. In Nepal, men also help their wives; the increased male activitymight lead to an increase in the morale of the women, which is also consideredan important aspect of success (Bhujel et al. 2008) .In Nepalese society, generally all household chores are the responsibility ofwomen; however, this work was not considered as “work” (Gurung 2006) . Cagefish culture activities in Kulekhani have been successful in allowing women tomove away from other household chores and move to more day-by-day decisiondemanding activities thus contributing to their capacity enhancement in their dayby-daydecision making activities in the society.5.10 Scaling up StrategiesRegardless of the many problems described (IEA 2000 ; IRN 2003) , cage fish culturein Kulekhani Reservoir presents one of the most promising impacts with substantialincreases in the number of cages and farmer participation over the last21 years in Nepal. This cage fish culture technology has set a good example of successto provide livelihood to displaced communities during the impoundment of thereservoir. In 1988, there were only few families involved in cage fish culture. Atpresent, there are nearly 231 families dependent on cage fish culture. It is anticipatedthat among the various issues suggested (IEA 2000 ; IRN 2003) , if fish farmingcould be included into the plan of action as one of the mitigatory approaches ofdamming from the inception phase, it might help to reduce the social, environmental,resettlement, and economic conflict to substantial extent.Pradhan (1987) has emphasized that for future damming, the present experienceof social, economical, and environmental benefits should be scaled up to providefor better welfare and opportunities for utilization of resources created by impoundments.At present, Nepal is facing a critical energy shortage. Neighboring India isfacing a similar crisis. These indicate that in the near future, there will be pressureon the use of river water for hydropower dam construction in Nepal. In the nearfuture, at least two reservoir-based hydropower dams are coming up. One is
100 T. B. Gurung et al.planned in far-western development region in Western Seti (ADB 2007 ; Gurunget al. 2008) and another in the western development region in Seti River. Both thesereservoirs would be situated in areas feasible for carp culture, and in all probability,cage culture could be the best option.5.11 ConclusionsCage fish culture in Kulekani has become a promising intervention to improve thelivelihood of displaced communities as it offered the best economic options afterinundation of their cultivated land. In addition, streams and rivulets aroundKulekhani were well renowned fishing grounds before inundation, and as a result,many families were familiar with fish handling, and this might have led to morerapid acceptance of a fisheries-related occupation. It can also be concluded thatprobably the scarcity of flat land for agriculture around the reservoir and nearbyplaces might have also led to the adoption of the cage fish farming strategies relativelyreadily.The success of cage fish culture in a hydropower reservoir, which has not beenenvisaged at the beginning, suggests that the capacity of fisheries has been poorlyunderstood by decision makers. The present experience also suggests that withthe inclusion of fisheries into the integrated action planning additional environmental,economical and social advantages from the hydropower projects can beobtained.Acknowledgement We are thankful to IDRC project on inland fisheries in Kulekhani, whichenlarged to such an extent that it provides livelihood for several hundred people who never hadthe experience of fish farming before. Special thanks to Prof. Sena De Silva, Director General,Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacific (NACA), whose efforts on cage fish culture couldcontribute as an alternative job opportunity to displaced communities in Kulekhani Reservoir. Oursincere gratitude to all who contributed directly or indirectly to make cage fish culture project asuccess in Kulekhani. The contribution of Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Departmentof Agriculture and Nepal Agricultural Research Council is acknowledged. We also thank NepalElectricity Authority for providing necessary support to cage fish culture program. Our sincerethanks are also extended to all farmers group for their cooperation. Special thanks to Mr. SahdevKumar Rimal, the Secretary, Indrasarobar Fish Growers Association, Markhu; Mr. Jay Dev Bistaand Mr. Suresh Kumar Wagle Senior Scientist, Fisheries Research Station, Pokhara; and Dr.Madhav Kumar Shrestha, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Rampur Campus,Tribhuvan University for their support. Fund for this study was provided by ICEAID.ReferencesADB. 2007. Nepal: West Seti hydropower project, Environment assessment report. Prepared byWest Seti Hydro Project for the Asian Development Bank, Project No. 40919, 68.Adhikary, N. 1995. Impact of inland fisheries project on farmers living around indrasarobar reservoir,Kulekhani, Makawanpur District, Nepal. Submitted to International DevelopmentResearch Centre (IDRC), Canada, 121.
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
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ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
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PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
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Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
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Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
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Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
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1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
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Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
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2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
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Chapter 3Shrimp Farmers in India: E
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3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
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3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
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Page 62 and 63: 50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
Page 64 and 65: 52 N.R. Umesh et al.• The optimum
Page 66 and 67: 54 N.R. Umesh et al.in five states
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Page 78 and 79: 66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
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Page 142 and 143: Chapter 7Striped Catfish Aquacultur
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150 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.1 I
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152 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.2 W
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154 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaCente
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156 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaPlate
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158 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaThe I
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160 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptainto
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162 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.6.2
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164 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaIn Th
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166 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptafarme
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168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
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170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
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Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
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188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
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190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
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192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
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194 S.S. De Silva et al.• Effecti
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196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
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198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
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ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
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Contributors203become more relevant
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Contributors205research on physiolo
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IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
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Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
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IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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