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2 S.S. De Silva and F.B. DavyScience began to have a profound influence on our lifestyles and gradually the lifeexpectancy increased and the ability to combat epidemics of various forms andsorts developed and began to impact on the rate of growth of human population.In the early years of the postindustrial revolution period, the early philosopherssuch as Malthus held a grim view of the sustenance of the growing human population,and suggested that gains in food production will not be able to keep up withthe latter (Malthus 1985) . He suggested that there will be a constant tendency in allanimated life to increase beyond the nourishment prepared for it, which wouldresult in an inevitable number of “positive checks” (e.g., starvation and deaths),occurring when mouths outnumbered food production.Impacts of science on our life have changed the above view. Indeed, someeconomists (Boserup 1981 ; Simon 1981) have suggested that man is a resource, andthe greater the population, the more likely it is that invention and innovation willflow and food will not become a limiting factor. Of course the latter position is notuniversally accepted either, especially in the context of the notion that there is alimit to the capacity in the biosphere, in that it is essentially a closed system, andcontinuing sustainable gains in food production cannot be taken for granted.In this opening chapter, an attempt is made to set the scene for the treatise as a whole.Accordingly, the importance of aquaculture in the current context of population growth,food demand, poverty and malnourishment prevailing globally, and its role in contributingto human food basket is brought to focus. The growth of the aquaculture sector istraced, and the public perceptions associated with aquaculture development in respectof its sustainability are discussed. The importance of public perceptions in currentdevelopment activities and on aquaculture is considered, and finally an attempt is madeto answer the simple question whether aquaculture is a success.1.2 Contemporary SituationThe human population has grown from 1.5 to 6.4 billion from 1900 till now, and ispredicted to increase to 9 billion by the year 2050, barring major calamities thatcould occur. Not surprisingly, the fact remains that malnourishment, defined ashuman beings’ daily calorie intake is less than 2,200 KCal, is probably one of thechallenges if not the biggest challenge facing the globe, with an estimated 840 millionbeing in a state of malnourishment (UNWFP 2005) . The situation is even moreburgeoning as nearly 80–85% of these malnourished people live in the developingworld, accounting for 16% of the world’s total burden of disabling illness and prematuredeath, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (Murray and Lopez 1996) .Fish, however, is not primarily a source of calories. On the other hand, fish accountsapproximately 20% of the global animal protein intake, the contribution being evenhigher in developing countries, particularly those of Asia.Over the last half century or so, fish are also becoming an increasingly importanttraded commodity, bypassing many traditionally traded commodities (Kurien 2005) .Moreover, in a significant number of Asian countries, the contribution of aquaculture
1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Contributing to Sustained Development3to the national GDP has superseded that from capture fisheries, indicating the growingimportance of aquaculture to those countries (Table 1.1 ).Recently McMichael (2001) recognized three consecutive eras over the past andcoming centuries show the changing balance between cereal-grain production andpopulation growth (Fig. 1.1 ). Furthermore, he summarized the contemporary situationunder seven headings, of which the pertinent points are as follows:Table 1.1 The relative contribution from capturefisheries and aquaculture to the GDP insome selected Asian countries and Chile,S. AmericaCountry Capture AquacultureBangladesh a 1.884 2.688aPR China 1.132 2.618aIndonesia 2.350 1.662aLao PDR 1.432 5.775Malaysia a 1.128 0.366aPhilippines 2.184 2.633aThailand 2.044 2.071Vietnam b 3.702 4.00cChile 2.17 2.63aFrom RAP (2004)bVietnam Net BridgecFrom De Silva and Soto (2009)Land reformGM technologiesHarvest, Population (arithmetic scale)Cereal harvestPopulationGreen revolutionClimate changeStratospheric O 3 depletionWater shortageLand degradationPlant pests and diseasesN and S cycles1900 2000 2100YearHarvest shortfallFig. 1.1 Schematic representation of three consecutive eras over the past and coming centuries,showing the changing balance between cereal-grain production (dashed lines) and world populationsize . Over the coming century, there will be tension between yield-enhancing science andpolicies and yield-diminishing environmental forces. GM genetically-modified
Page 1 and 2: Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
Page 3 and 4: Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
Page 5 and 6: ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
Page 7 and 8: PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
Page 9 and 10: Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
Page 11 and 12: Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
Page 13: Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
Page 17 and 18: 1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
Page 29 and 30: 2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3Shrimp Farmers in India: E
Page 55 and 56: 3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
Page 57 and 58: 3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
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Page 62 and 63: 50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
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52 N.R. Umesh et al.• The optimum
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54 N.R. Umesh et al.in five states
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56 N.R. Umesh et al.3.5.2.4 Facilit
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58 N.R. Umesh et al.3.7 Opportuniti
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60 N.R. Umesh et al.with similar ou
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62 N.R. Umesh et al.• Knowledge a
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64 N.R. Umesh et al.helping small f
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66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
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68 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyPlate 4.
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70 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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72 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davytrate th
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74 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davylack of
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76 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davyby incre
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78 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davysoil ana
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80 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davy• Deva
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82 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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Chapter 5Cage Fish Culture: An Alte
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5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative
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Chapter 6Enhancing Rural Farmer Inc
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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Chapter 7Striped Catfish Aquacultur
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7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vi
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150 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.1 I
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152 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.2 W
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154 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaCente
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156 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaPlate
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158 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaThe I
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160 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptainto
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162 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.6.2
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164 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaIn Th
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166 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptafarme
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168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
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170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
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Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
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188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
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190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
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192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
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194 S.S. De Silva et al.• Effecti
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196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
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198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
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ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
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Contributors203become more relevant
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Contributors205research on physiolo
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IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
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Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
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IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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