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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese Inland Aquaculture179Fig. 9.5 Production of the Pacific white shrimp and red swamp crayfish in ChinaIn 2006, the aquaculture area for the crayfish reached nearly 40,000 ha with aproduction of 35,000 tons in Hubei province, presenting 30% of the country’stotal production (Fig. 9.5 ).In the case of P. vannamei, a series of experiments were conducted in a range ofsalinities (Pong et al. 2005) , and based on such findings, gradually its culture wasextended inland. The pond production in seawater could reach 7500 kg ha −1 (Shenet al . 2004) . Freshwater culture of P. vannamei in China reached approximately510,070 tons in 2006 (Table 9.1 ), accounting for more than half of China’s totalinland shrimp/prawn production (Table 9.1 ).In addition to the inland production, in marine waters, P. vannamei productionreached 512,019 tons in 2006, representing 69.9% of total marine shrimp productionin mainland China. Postlarvae production of P. vannamei reached 25.11 billionin 2005 and 49.24 billion in 2006, which ensured the high production of the shrimpboth in freshwater and marine water.Overall, the contribution of P. vannamei production from China to globalproduction is on the decline (Fig. 9.3 ). This, however, is not a result of a reductionin production per se , but due to an increased production in other Asian countries,such as in Thailand and Vietnam.9.3 Markets and Processing Industry DevelopmentsThe development of the culture of exotic finfish and crustaceans has also resultedin the development of export markets and associated processing sectors. For example,from 2003 onwards, the number of processing plants increased fast and the exportof channel catfish fillet to the United States increased from 326 tons in 2003 to
180 J. Liu and Z. LiTable 9.1 Comparison of P. vannamei and total inlandshrimp production (tons/year) in ChinaYear P. vannamei Total shrimp Percentage2002 272,980 415,000 65.82003 296,312 690,218 42.92004 400,714 803,679 49.92005 440,791 847,256 52.02006 510,070 981,755 52.06,821 tons in 2006. It was estimated the fillet export to the United States reached28,800 tons valued at 114 million US $ in 2007 (Wang and Liu 2007) .On the other hand, China has been a leading exporter of processed culturedtilapias for over a decade. USA is the leading importer of tilapia, which is the freshwaterfish commodity that is imported in highest quantity to the country. Tilapia isimported in three forms to the USA: frozen whole, frozen, and fresh fillets. Chinahas the highest market share in the first two commodities, and it has been on theincrease and constitutes a very well-established market share (Fig. 9.6 ), in spite ofthe high growth in tilapia culture in some South American nations, which tend tohave the major share of the fresh fillet imports to the USA.Jiangsu province was the biggest producer and exporter of the red swamp crayfishbefore 2003. There were more than 60 processing factories for crayfish in theprovince, producing 90% of the total crayfish exports. However, in recent years,Hubei province became the biggest exporter for crayfish in China. In Hubei, thereare 15 processing factories for crayfish with a capacity of 200,000 tons per year.In 2006, 12,000 tons of processed crayfish were exported from the province,amounting to US $ 82 million.In essence, China’s export of fishery products is primarily based on a handful ofcultured exotic species, including the shrimp, P. vannamei . These export industriesprovide very significant numbers of employment opportunities, mainly to ruralwomen, as in the case of the rest of the region.9.4 Possible Reasons for the Success of Aquacultureof Exotic SpeciesThe exotic species that have been successful in aquaculture in China are essentiallytropical and/or subtropical species, with relatively high growth rates and otherattributes of the lifecycles that are favorable for aquaculture, and also of desirableflesh quality relished by the local consumers, and/or have a ready export marketsuch as for tilapias and shrimp.Although there was no rigorous risk assessment process involved before theintroductions, particularly the early introductions, investment on research and technology
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
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ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
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PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
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Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
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Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
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Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
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1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
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Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
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2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
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Chapter 3Shrimp Farmers in India: E
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3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
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50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
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52 N.R. Umesh et al.• The optimum
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54 N.R. Umesh et al.in five states
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56 N.R. Umesh et al.3.5.2.4 Facilit
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58 N.R. Umesh et al.3.7 Opportuniti
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60 N.R. Umesh et al.with similar ou
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62 N.R. Umesh et al.• Knowledge a
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64 N.R. Umesh et al.helping small f
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66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
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68 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyPlate 4.
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70 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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72 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davytrate th
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74 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davylack of
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78 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davysoil ana
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80 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davy• Deva
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82 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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Chapter 5Cage Fish Culture: An Alte
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5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative
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Chapter 6Enhancing Rural Farmer Inc
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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