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72 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davytrate the related successes of the backyard hatcheries (Kongkeo and New 2008 ).One of the important milestones in freshwater prawn farming occurred in the late1970s when the United Nations Development Program decided to fund a 3-yearFAO-executed project, “Expansion of Freshwater Prawn Farming,” in Thailand(New 2000) . As a result of these efforts, farmed freshwater prawn productionexpanded from less than 5 tons/year before the project began (1976) to an estimated400 tons by the time it ended in 1981 (Boonyaratpalin and Vorasayan1983) . Soon afterwards (1984), the DOF reported to FAO that Thai productionhad exceeded 3,000 tons/year (FAO 1989) , a very rapid expansion indeed.This DOF-FAO project not only enabled the establishment of a significant aquaculturesector in Thailand, but also facilitated the development of freshwater prawn farmingglobally. This facilitation included steps such as the publication of a technicalmanual on the topic (New and Singholka 1985 ; New 2002) that was translated intomany languages. In addition, the Thai DOF hosted “Giant Prawn 1980,” the first internationalaquaculture conference ever held in Thailand (New 1982) . Many Thai expertslater advised Macrobrachium projects and ventures elsewhere in Asia. By 2005, theaquaculture production of M. rosenbergii in Thailand had risen to 30,000 tons/year(valued at US $79 million) and to more than 205,000 tons/year globally (FAO 2007).Though there has been a great potential for expansion of farming areas andyield, Thailand has maintained production at this level, despite the lack of exportmarkets, unlike for marine shrimp. Similar to mud crab, Macrobrachium has a thickshell and a big carapace; when frozen with its shell-on or head-on, it is not wellaccepted in the international market. Also, it deteriorates after defrosting or refreezingand has a small meat to body weight ratio making it uneconomic for export inthe form of frozen peeled prawn. In fact, the head is the most delicious part ofprawn for Asian dishes. However, prices in domestic markets are more stable thanmarine shrimp, which mainly relies on export markets. Similar to the export marketof marine shrimp, the domestic market of freshwater prawn was enlarged by reducingthe selling price (Fig. 4.1 ). Farmers also practice partial harvest for the liveprawn market to yield better prices. This partial harvest could reduce biomass density,thereby improving the growth of the remaining prawns and reducing the riskof a long culture period. Though there were the serious problems in terms of deterioratedbroodstock and Nodavirus outbreak in 2005, farmers could recover in thenext year due to their skills in pond management and their efficient scale of operation(Fig. 4.1 ). In addition, a similar quantity of a related species, M. nipponense ,was produced in China in 2007. In total, the global farm-gate value of freshwaterprawn farming had reached almost US $1.84 billion/year by 2007.4.4 History of Marine Shrimp FarmingAt the beginning, extensive culture of banana shrimp ( P. merguiensis ) andgreasy shrimp ( Metapenaeus spp.) using wild seed stocks were practiced over
4 Backyard Hatcheries and Small Scale Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Thailand73Fig. 4.1 Giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) production and average farm gateprices in Thailand (FAO Fishstat Plus)the past 60 years. Though there was no seawater available, the Bangkok MarineLaboratory successfully cultured to PLs stage P. merguiensis , P. semisulcatus ,P. latissulcatus , M. monoceros and M. intermedius in 1972 (Cook 1973) .Seawater had to be brought from offshore by boat. All gravid female shrimpwere captured in the Gulf of Thailand. Experiments on pond culture of artificiallybred seed were carried out at private shrimp farms in SamutsakornProvince and Bangpoo, Samutprakarn Province, but the results were notsatisfactory.In 1973, the Phuket Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Centre (formerPhuket Marine Fisheries Station) successfully bred P. monodon by inducedspawning from broodstock caught from Andaman Sea. PLs of the early batcheswere stocked in semi-intensive ponds in Bangkrachai, Chantaburi Province,Klongdaan, Samutprakarn Province, and Klongsahakorn, Samutsakorn Province in1974. This brought shrimp farming the much needed technique that enabled thefarmers to have better control of their crop and sustainable production, instead ofreliance only on wild seed for stocking in an extensive culture system. This importantresearch later led to the highest peak of P. monodon production of 304,988 min 2000 (Kongkeo 2006) before substitution by P. vannamei and the increaseddemand for the backyard hatcheries .Though commercial semi-intensive culture of P. monodon using hatchery producedfry commenced in 1974, it expanded rather slowly compared to Taiwan due to the
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
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ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
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PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
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Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
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Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
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Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
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1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
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Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
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2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
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2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
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Page 62 and 63: 50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
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Page 78 and 79: 66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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Chapter 7Striped Catfish Aquacultur
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7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vi
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150 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.1 I
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152 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.2 W
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154 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaCente
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156 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaPlate
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158 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaThe I
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160 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptainto
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162 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.6.2
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164 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaIn Th
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166 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptafarme
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168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
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170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
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Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
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188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
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190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
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192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
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194 S.S. De Silva et al.• Effecti
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196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
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198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
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ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
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Contributors203become more relevant
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Contributors205research on physiolo
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IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
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Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
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IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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