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12 S.S. De Silva and F.B. Davyinto fish meal and fish oil are being channeled for production of animals that arenot human food sources (De Silva and Turchini 2008) . What is perturbing is thatsuch aspects have not received the attention of these groups who advocate the channelingof the biological resources used for fish meal and fish oil production fordirect human consumption; on many an occasion, a level playing field has not beenlacking in many of these advocacies.The most commonly highlighted aspects of aquaculture that are supposedlyimpacting its sustainability are dependence on fish meal and fish oil in aquaculturefeeds, overdependence on exotic and/or alien species, and negative influences onbiodiversity. All of the above are refutable to varying degrees, but it is not to concludethat all aquaculture developments have been sustainable and environmentallyfriendly.Aquaculture, even to date, has to live with the notion that shrimp farming wasthe prime cause for mangrove destruction, even though there is mounting informationthat shrimp farming per se accounted for less than 5% of global mangrovedestruction. Equally, alien species in aquaculture, the dependence on which is notdifferent to any extent on all human food production sectors (De Silva et al. 2008) ,are often highlighted as an environmentally destructive element primarily inducedthrough aquaculture. Here again the evidence is variable, and on occasions, refutableand in more often than not explicit evidence on cause and effect is lacking.Irrespective of the correctness and/or the authenticity, and/or the biases of thevarying range of arguments, it is incumbent on all aquaculture developments to takenotice of the public concerns and act accordingly – aquaculture developers cannotbe complacent. The onus is on the sector to demonstrate to the public and policymakers equally and convincingly that aquaculture developments are sustainable andit could proceed in a socially and environmentally responsible manner, within thesocietal guidelines, and still continue to be a dominant and important provider tohuman food basket, millions of livelihoods, and income generation, and in turn,contribute to food security and global poverty alleviation.1.7 Is Aquaculture a Success?Success can have many definitions, and is equally interpreted in many ways.Success may refer to the achievement of one’s aim or goal; ( business ) financialprofitability, a person who achieves his or her goals or a level of social status,achievement of an objective/goal; the opposite of failure. On the other hand, whatis considered a success for one person, a community, a nation or region, and/or acombination thereof in respect of a policy and achievement, a development may notbe considered a success by others. Indeed, even a consensual success at one pointcould be treated as failure by others, downstream, and is of particular relevance toaquatic resources-related developments.If one was to assess the success of aquaculture from a purely food production,providing employment and/or livelihoods opportunities, rural development and
1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Contributing to Sustained Development13financial gain viewpoints, it has to be conceded that aquaculture has been a successthus far. However, as pointed out in the foregoing section, this success as well as itslong-term sustainability is questioned by some, and in more instances than one, thearguments are based on shrimp and carnivorous marine finfish culture of salmonids.It is in the above context that the other chapters in this treatise set out to demonstratethe successes of specific aquaculture practices, which have collectively contributedto achieving significance as a food production system.Development and success go hand in hand with public policy as well as withattitudes. Accordingly, there is a need to address decision makers in the wake ofincreasing use, and importance of coastal and inland waters in a timely manner fora number of different reasons. Stabilization of wild fish catches has led to anincreased dependence on aquatic farming, which is being seen as the next bestalternative to meet the shortfall in demand for aquatic foods. It is in this context thatlessons learned from case studies presented here provide a basis for wider disseminationand lesson learning. In particular for newly emerging aquaculture nations,these provide an important basis of lessons, including the steps that are needed tofacilitate developments and help guide future development, rather than on ad hocbasis. Equally, the lessons learned will also be helpful toward attaining sustainabilityof some ongoing practices, both in Asia and elsewhere. There is an overall needfor decision makers to be made aware that ad hoc developments are not the solutionto the problem, but developments based on lessons learned from the past successfulexperiences, suitably modified and adapted, are a more effective way to proceed. Itis regrettable that such “show casing” under one banner is hard to find. The presentinitiative aims to fill this gap in the interim and then carry forward the strategy inthe long term in respect of aquaculture.ReferencesAldhous, P. 2004. Fish farms still ravage the sea. Sustainable aquaculture takes one step forward,two steps back. Nature Online , 17 February 2004. doi: 10.1038/news040216-10.Allsopp, M., P. Johnston, and D. Santillo. 2008. Challenging the aquaculture industry on sustainability, 22. Amsterdam: Greenpeace.Aye Khin, Maung, Khin Ko Lay, Hla Win, and S.S. De Silva. 2007. A new freshwater aquaculturepractice that has successfully targeted a niche export market with major positive societalimpacts: Myanmar. Aquaculture Asia XII(4): 22–26.Boserup, E. 1981. Population and technological change . Chicago, IL: University of ChicagoPress.Connor, W.E. 2000. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. American Journal ofClinical Nutrition 71: 171S–175S.Crawford, M.A., M. Bloom, C.L. Broadhurst, W.F. Schmidt, S.C. Cunnane, C. Galli, K.Gehbremeskel, F. Linseisen, J. Lloyd-Smith, and J. Parkington. 1999. Evidence for the uniquefunction of docosahexaenoic acid during the evolution of the modern hominid brain. Lipids 34:S39–S47.de Deckere, E., O. Korver, P.M. Verschuren, and M.B. Katan. 1998. Health aspects of fish and n-3polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin. European Journal of ClinicalNutrition 52: 749–753.
Page 1 and 2: Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
Page 3 and 4: Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
Page 5 and 6: ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
Page 7 and 8: PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
Page 9 and 10: Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
Page 11 and 12: Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
Page 15 and 16: 1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
Page 23: 1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
Page 29 and 30: 2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3Shrimp Farmers in India: E
Page 55 and 56: 3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
Page 57 and 58: 3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
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Page 62 and 63: 50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
Page 64 and 65: 52 N.R. Umesh et al.• The optimum
Page 66 and 67: 54 N.R. Umesh et al.in five states
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62 N.R. Umesh et al.• Knowledge a
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64 N.R. Umesh et al.helping small f
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66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
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68 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyPlate 4.
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70 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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82 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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Chapter 5Cage Fish Culture: An Alte
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5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative
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Chapter 6Enhancing Rural Farmer Inc
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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Chapter 7Striped Catfish Aquacultur
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170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
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Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
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188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
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192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
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196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
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198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
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ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
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Contributors203become more relevant
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Contributors205research on physiolo
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IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
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Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
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IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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