Success Stories In Asian Aquaculture - Library - Network of ...

70 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.1 Annual financial performance in 1 ha intensive pond (in US$; adopted from Kongkeo,1997)Parameter Indonesia Philippines Taiwan ThailandAverage farm size (ha) 5 9 3 2Average scale of operation Medium Large Medium SmallStocking (PL/m 2 ) 78 38 73 114Yield (ton) 6.06 3.05 2.88 10.49Shrimp sale/kg 6.5 7.1 12.46 6.94Total shrimp sales 39,390 21,655 35.885 72,801Labor/kg (% of total) 0.20 0.43 0.20 0.19(5.7) (6.3) (2.8) (4.4)Feed/kg (% of total) 1.41 2.62 1.65 2.01(39.9) (38.4) (22.6) (47.1)Seed/kg (% of total) 0.58 1.27 0.87 0.59(16.4) (18.6) (11.9) (13.8)Power/kg (% of total) 0.36 0.29 0.67 0.33(10.3) (4.2) (9.1) (7.8)Other/kg (% of total) 0.18 0.08 0.58 0.26(5.1) (1.1) (8.0) (6.2)Overhead/kg (% of total) 0.13 0.00 0.68 0.37(3.7) (0.1) (9.4) (8.6)Depreciation/kg (% of total) 0.67 2.14 2.64 0.52(18.9) (31.3) (36.2) (12.1)Production costs/kg (total) 3.53 (21,370) 6.83 (20,820) 7.29 (20,990) 4.27 (44,870)Net profit margin/kg (total) 2.97 (18,030) 0.27 (880) 5.17 (14,910) 2.67 (27,930)The risks in these ancillary businesses are also reduced due to shorter periods ofoperation and the specialized expertise in each business. In addition to the socioeconomicbenefits to these small-scale operators, local communities were shown tohave less social conflicts within their own communities, unlike the experiences oflarger scale investments in South America and elsewhere. This is similar to the successof small-scale intensive grow out ponds, which spread all over the country(more than 80% of Thai marine shrimp production came from approximately12,500 intensive farms in which small farmers typically operate 1–2 ponds withaverage farm size of 1.6 ha and a total production area of 27,000 ha, Kongkeo 1995,1997) . However, it is recognized that large scale operators are usually important topioneer development and adaptation of new technologies from government or overseasoperations. After being developed in Thailand, the backyard hatchery technologyhas been transferred through assistance of FAO, Network of AquacultureCentres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), UNDP, Royal Thai government, and the privatesector to Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. These transferswere then locally adapted, for instance, in some countries, direct seawater was usedbecause they have better seawater supply sources.