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64 N.R. Umesh et al.helping small farmers to sustain their livelihood through responsible shrimp farming.Specifically, they show evidence of the advantages of small farmers beingorganized, coming out to mainstream and sharing resources, helping each other andadopting BMPs. The implementation of the BMPs through the cluster concept hasprovided benefits to the farmers, the environment, and the local community. Thesummary impact of the project is highlighted in Table 3.4 .3.13 Summary of Lessons LearnedNeedless to state in an exercise such as the one presented here that there are manylessons to be learned (Table 3.5 ). Such lessons are not only useful in improving theprocesses with time, but could have relevance and application to the developmentof small scale practices elsewhere, irrespective of the commodities farmed. Thelessons learned as work progressed were not only of a technical nature, but also ofa significant quantum of it was developing human-relationships, especially betweenthe extension workers, authorities, suppliers, buyers, and the farmers. The latterTable 3.5 A summary of the lessons learnt over the last 5 years during the success of adoptionof BMPs by small scale shrimp farmers and the benefits gained• Improved farm management practices can reduce environmental impacts, ensure food safetyand improve farm profit. The “win-win” situation created by adoption of better managementprovides a strong incentive for positive change• Organization of small-scale aquaculture farmers brings about positive social and economicbenefits to members. These benefits include• Collective planning and shared responsibility helps achieve better management of risks• Cluster model of BMP implementation is developing into a self propagating model(farmers believe farmers)• Interaction between technical service providers and farmers at the ground level on aregular basis enhances the capacity of both• Farmer groups can have stronger negotiation power with the input suppliers and traders• The following points should be considered while organizing farmer groupsFarmer groups comprise farmers with different needs, interests, skills and financial andtechnical capacity. A few common interests can hold them together in a group• Provision of technical services should be independent and without conflict of interest tosecure the confidence of farmers• Investment in institutions (NaCSA) that is focused on small scale farmers can facilitateformation of groups and adoption of BMPs• It should be recognized that this support takes time, investments in capacity building andinstitutions are necessary for sustainability• Revival of the shrimp sector is possible. Shrimp farming can be a source of sustainablelivelihood for small scale farmers provided risks are managed through improvedmanagement and institution building• Experiences from India are more widely applicable in other countries across the region• Links between farmer groups and markets have proved difficult to establish and need to beimproved
3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empowering Small-Scale Farmers65aspects enable not only easy dissemination of technical information, but also anappreciation of farmer innovations, which are often not taken into consideration.Indeed, in the current day and age, sustainability of small scale farming practices,the backbone of Asian aquaculture, will rest significantly on the successful adoptionof farmer innovations.3.14 Way ForwardFor the small scale shrimp farmers to continue to advance, we need a new approachto development. Similarly, for poor and marginalized farmer groups to access benefitsof poverty reduction efforts, the position of the farmers in relation to publicand private institutions has to change. The farmers must move from being passiverecipients of information, services, and regulations to a situation where they takefull responsibility for their own development and use public and private institutionsas resource providers.Effectively, engaging with the thousands of aquaculture producers in India andhelping them to develop farm level plans for sustainable development will not be asmall task, but it is one that can only be achieved with the involvement and contributionof the many players involved in the supply chain, from producers to consumers.The farmers, especially in the current market economies, need the strength thatgroups can offer for their economic and social advancement. Linking small farmerclusters to sustainability conscious buyers will go a long way in sustaining smallfarmers’ livelihoods.In this direction, NaCSA is in negotiation with one of the prominent buyers ofseafood from USA for purchasing. Society produced shrimp and selling the samewith a unique brand name, thereby giving a premium price to the product, whichwould motivate the farmers to grow the shrimp to the buyer specifications andensure steady supply of best quality, chemical free, traceable shrimp. This marketrecognition for the society produce will help us to spread the message of “sustainableaquaculture” far and wide to more areas across India, and will help in sustainingshrimp sector, thereby contributing to a new vision for the aquaculture sector insupport of small farmers’ livelihoods in India.Acknowledgment The authors are pleased to acknowledge Mr. G. Mohan Kumar I.A.S.(Chairman, MPEDA) and other staff and officials of MPEDA in Kochi, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,Karnataka, Orissa and Tamil Nadu for their kind support and cooperation during the MPEDA-NACA program. The technical services provided by Mr. Mongkhon Primphon, Shrimp farmingexpert, Thailand, and the cooperation of the Australian Centre for International AgriculturalResearch (ACIAR) are also gratefully acknowledged. We are also thankful to the All India ShrimpHatchery Association, Shrimp farmers Association of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujaratand Seafood Exporters Association of India for their kind support. The study team is especiallythankful to the farmer members of all the Aqua Clubs/societies of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,Karnataka, Orissa, and Gujarat for their active participation in the village demonstration programand the MPEDA-NACA and NaCSA team for their dedication toward making the program asuccess.
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
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ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
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PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
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Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
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Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
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Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
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1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
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Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
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Page 62 and 63: 50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
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Page 66 and 67: 54 N.R. Umesh et al.in five states
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Page 78 and 79: 66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
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Page 82 and 83: 70 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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Page 98 and 99: 5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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Chapter 7Striped Catfish Aquacultur
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7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vi
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150 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.1 I
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152 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.2 W
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154 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaCente
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156 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaPlate
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158 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaThe I
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160 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptainto
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162 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.6.2
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164 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaIn Th
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166 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptafarme
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168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
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170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
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Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
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188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
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190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
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192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
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194 S.S. De Silva et al.• Effecti
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196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
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198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
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ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
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Contributors203become more relevant
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Contributors205research on physiolo
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IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
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Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
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IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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