Success Stories In Asian Aquaculture - Library - Network of ...

82 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.3 Shrimp production from CP Royal Shrimp-cumriceProject, PrachinburiParameter P. monodon P. vannameiSalinity (ppt) 2–10 2–102Density (PL/m ) 27 60Culture period (days) 135 120Survival rate (%) 72 83Harvest size (g) 26.3 16.6Production (kg/ha) 5,117 8,281– Eco-labeling and traceability– Biodiversity concerns regarding the introduction of exotic species– Trade barriers and specific rules (e.g. GSP in EU, antidumping and C-bondin USA, GMOs in soybean, child labor, human trade, animal welfare, othersocial parameters, etc.)In general, the international environment is continuing to present new challengeswith the increasing international rules for the Asian shrimp industry. Small farmeroperations face a variety of challenges here, many of which may only be solved bystronger networking and social organization. In early 2008, rice prices increaseddramatically due to the global shortage of food and conversion of food crops toenergy crops. Therefore, many Macrobrachium and P. vannamei farmers in freshwaterareas in Thailand converted to the more profitable rice farming in their ponds.Organic load left from previous shrimp crops provided fertilizer for rice cultivationsaving inorganic fertilizer costs. Similarly, many marine shrimp farms in brackishwater areas also converted their ponds to rice production in the rainy season andswitched back to shrimp production in the dry season. Before rice planting, farmerswash the surface of the pond bottom with freshwater to remove precipitated salt.Periodical discontinuation of shrimp production and replacement by rice cultivationwill also break shrimp disease cycles and improve the quality of the deterioratedpond bottom (see the average results of 15 shrimp crops in Table 4.3 ).ReferencesADB/NACA. 1997. Shrimp and carp aquaculture sustainability . Proceedings of Regional Studyand Workshop on Aquaculture Sustainability and the Environment, Beijing, China, October1995. Bangkok, Thailand: NACA.Boonyaratpalin, M., and P. Vorasayan. 1983. Brief note on the state of the art of Macrobrachiumculture in Thailand. NACA Working Paper WP/83/7. Bangkok, Thailand: NACA.Cook, H.L. 1973. FAO Report to the Government of Thailand on Shrimp Farm Development.FAO Report No TA 314. Rome: FAO.DOF. 2007. Fisheries Statistics of Thailand, Department of Fisheries Circular No. 6/2007,Bangkok.FAO. 1989. Aquaculture Production 1984–1986. FAO Fisheries Circular, 815. Rome: FAO.