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74 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davylack of suitable feed, low demand in the internal market (only US $2.50–3.20/kg),and suitable farming practices. Prior to 1985, Taiwan was the only supplier to theJapanese shrimp market due to the cheaper cost of transportation. However, Japanhad to stock Taiwanese shrimp in their cold storages for whole year-roundconsumption. After 1985, the labor and electricity costs went up very significantlydue to the Japanese economic boom. Japanese cold storages could no longer bearthe heavy increase in operational costs if shrimp had to be stored for long periods(2–10 months in a year). As a temperate country, Taiwan could produce onlyone crop per year and export to Japan only during a few months of the year beforewinter. Therefore, Japan had to urge tropical countries, like Thailand and thePhilippines, to produce P. monodon for a continuous supply throughout the year tosave on cold storage costs. Thus, Japan increased the buying price of shrimp fromtropical countries to US $8.00–10.00, in order to encourage the expansion ofshrimp farming. This brought heavy profits to farmers and leading to the firstboom of P. monodon intensive culture in the country. In 1987–1988, the collapse ofthe shrimp industry in Taiwan led to further increases in shrimp production inThailand.Similarly in 1993, P. chinensis shrimp crops collapsed, probably due toWhitespot viral disease in China; Thailand was able to rapidly increase productionto more than 200,000 t to make up for the shortfall in the world supply. Thesharp increase in shrimp prices in 1993 (Fig. 4.2 ) was driven mainly by the highdemand in the global market, again spurring shrimp farmers to boost theirproduction.The outbreak of Yellow-head virus disease in Thailand starting in 1990 did notlower overall production (Fig. 4.2 ) due to good management practices and efficientsmall scale operations. Whitespot disease outbreak slightly affected the productionduring 1994–1997, before launching again in 1998, because the technologies onintensive closed system and on-screening of broodstock and PLs by PCR test werewell adapted by farmers. These technologies were simplified and locally adapted tosuit local conditions and farmer capabilities.Similarly in 1993, P. chinensis shrimp crops collapsed, probably due towhitespot viral infection. In 1999, the Thai Government issued a decree to ban P.monodon farming in inland areas to avoid the negative environmental impact fromsaline water, which was not fully enforced until 2001 (Fig. 4.2 ).Consequently, 30% of the total shrimp farming area that was located in freshwaterareas of the country was affected by this decree. Farmers could not revertback to Macrobrachium culture, which yielded a very low price and had a limitedmarket. Therefore, SPF P. vannamei from Hawaii was first introduced by the privatesector in late 1999 for trials to replace P. monodon in freshwater areas. In fact,research has been conducted successfully in China to culture P. vannamei in freshwaterareas without any introduction of saline water. After successful trials inNakorn Pathom farms, it spread throughout all inland shrimp farming areas within2 years. However, culture in pure freshwater yielded only small shrimp (15–20 g)and mortality occurred after 3 months. Because of the small size, farm gate pricewas low at the beginning of this development (Fig. 4.3 ), but this was compensated
Production (t)Price (US$/ kg)4 Backyard Hatcheries and Small Scale Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Thailand75Production (t)350000300000250000Production (t)Value (US$/ kg)987620000015000010000050000054P. monodon3210Price (US$ / kg)19841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Yellow headWhite spotEU zero toleranceof antibioticsGovt. ban on inlandDevalue BahtFig. 4.2 Giant tiger prawn ( P. monodon ) production and farm gate price in Thailand (FAOFishstat Plus and CP Shrimp Culture Newsletter)600000500000400000300000200000100000P. vannameiProduction (t)Price (US$/ kg)3.532.521.510.502002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070Locally produced SPFbroodstockTaura syndromeDomestic consumption promotedFig. 4.3 Pacific white shrimp ( P. vannamei ) production and average farm gate price in Thailand(FAO Fishstat Plus and CP Shrimp Culture Newsletter)
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
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ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
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PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
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Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
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Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
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Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
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1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
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Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
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2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
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Page 62 and 63: 50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
Page 64 and 65: 52 N.R. Umesh et al.• The optimum
Page 66 and 67: 54 N.R. Umesh et al.in five states
Page 68 and 69: 56 N.R. Umesh et al.3.5.2.4 Facilit
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Page 74 and 75: 62 N.R. Umesh et al.• Knowledge a
Page 76 and 77: 64 N.R. Umesh et al.helping small f
Page 78 and 79: 66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
Page 80 and 81: 68 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyPlate 4.
Page 82 and 83: 70 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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Page 96 and 97: Chapter 5Cage Fish Culture: An Alte
Page 98 and 99: 5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 6Enhancing Rural Farmer Inc
Page 116 and 117: 6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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Chapter 7Striped Catfish Aquacultur
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7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vi
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150 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.1 I
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152 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.2 W
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154 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaCente
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156 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaPlate
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158 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaThe I
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160 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptainto
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162 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.6.2
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164 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaIn Th
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166 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptafarme
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168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
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170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
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Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
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188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
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190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
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192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
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194 S.S. De Silva et al.• Effecti
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196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
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198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
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ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
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Contributors203become more relevant
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Contributors205research on physiolo
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IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
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Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
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IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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