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82 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.3 Shrimp production from CP Royal Shrimp-cumriceProject, PrachinburiParameter P. monodon P. vannameiSalinity (ppt) 2–10 2–102Density (PL/m ) 27 60Culture period (days) 135 120Survival rate (%) 72 83Harvest size (g) 26.3 16.6Production (kg/ha) 5,117 8,281– Eco-labeling and traceability– Biodiversity concerns regarding the introduction of exotic species– Trade barriers and specific rules (e.g. GSP in EU, antidumping and C-bondin USA, GMOs in soybean, child labor, human trade, animal welfare, othersocial parameters, etc.)In general, the international environment is continuing to present new challengeswith the increasing international rules for the Asian shrimp industry. Small farmeroperations face a variety of challenges here, many of which may only be solved bystronger networking and social organization. In early 2008, rice prices increaseddramatically due to the global shortage of food and conversion of food crops toenergy crops. Therefore, many Macrobrachium and P. vannamei farmers in freshwaterareas in Thailand converted to the more profitable rice farming in their ponds.Organic load left from previous shrimp crops provided fertilizer for rice cultivationsaving inorganic fertilizer costs. Similarly, many marine shrimp farms in brackishwater areas also converted their ponds to rice production in the rainy season andswitched back to shrimp production in the dry season. Before rice planting, farmerswash the surface of the pond bottom with freshwater to remove precipitated salt.Periodical discontinuation of shrimp production and replacement by rice cultivationwill also break shrimp disease cycles and improve the quality of the deterioratedpond bottom (see the average results of 15 shrimp crops in Table 4.3 ).ReferencesADB/NACA. 1997. Shrimp and carp aquaculture sustainability . Proceedings of Regional Studyand Workshop on Aquaculture Sustainability and the Environment, Beijing, China, October1995. Bangkok, Thailand: NACA.Boonyaratpalin, M., and P. Vorasayan. 1983. Brief note on the state of the art of Macrobrachiumculture in Thailand. NACA Working Paper WP/83/7. Bangkok, Thailand: NACA.Cook, H.L. 1973. FAO Report to the Government of Thailand on Shrimp Farm Development.FAO Report No TA 314. Rome: FAO.DOF. 2007. Fisheries Statistics of Thailand, Department of Fisheries Circular No. 6/2007,Bangkok.FAO. 1989. Aquaculture Production 1984–1986. FAO Fisheries Circular, 815. Rome: FAO.
4 Backyard Hatcheries and Small Scale Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Thailand83Holthuis, L.B. 1980. Shrimps and Prawns of the World. An Annotated Catalogue of Species ofInterest to Fisheries. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, FAO Catalogue vol. 1.Kongkeo, H. 1995. How Thailand made it to the top. INFOFISH International 1/95: 25–31.Kongkeo, H. 1997. Comparison of intensive shrimp farming systems. Aquaculture Research 28:789–796.Kongkeo, H. 2006. Responsible shrimp farming: A critical overview . Presentation in WAS’06Conference, Florence, Italy.Kongkeo, H. and M.B. New. 2008. The successful development of backyard hatcheries for crustaceansin Thailand. Aquaculture Asia 13(1): 8–11.New, M.B. ed. 1982. Giant Prawn Farming. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science ,10. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.New, M.B. 2000. History and global status of freshwater prawn farming. In Freshwater prawnculture , ed. M.B. New and W.C. Valenti, 1–11. Oxford: Blackwell Science.New, M.B. 2002. Farming freshwater prawns: A manual for the culture of the giant river prawn( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper , 428 [Also published inMandarin, with Arabic, French, Malayalam and Spanish versions in preparation].New, M.B., and S. Singholka. 1985. Freshwater prawn farming: A manual for the culture ofMacrobrachium rosenbergii . FAO Fisheries Technical Paper , 225, Rev. 1 [Also published inFarsi, French, Hindi, Spanish & Vietnamese].
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
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ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
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PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
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Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
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Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
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Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
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1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
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Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
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2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
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7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vi
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150 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.1 I
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152 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.2 W
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154 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaCente
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156 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaPlate
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158 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaThe I
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160 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptainto
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162 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.6.2
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164 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaIn Th
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166 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptafarme
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168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
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170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
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Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
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188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
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190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
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192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
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194 S.S. De Silva et al.• Effecti
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196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
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198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
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ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
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Contributors203become more relevant
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Contributors205research on physiolo
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IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
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Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
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IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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