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160 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptainto the natural environment and will introgress with the wild Nile tilapia stocks, ifit is endemic to that country. Even if GIFT fish is not introduced into Africa and thecountries decide to undertake genetic improvement of their native stocks, it wouldstill lead to changes in composition of alleles which will not be much different fromintroducing the GIFT fish. If the GIFT fish is not transferred to the African countrieswhich are the original source of founder stocks used in developing the GIFTstrain, they will be deprived of the benefits from the utilization of the improvedstrain. Moreover, in view of the emergence of the more enterprising African farmersand growing interest in aquaculture, there is a greater risk of not introducing theGIFT fish, as otherwise, they might introduce other fish that might do more harmto biodiversity and environment. In such instances, there may be more environmentalrisks, as there is no assurance that control and monitoring mechanisms plussafeguard measures will be implemented.8.5.5 Public–Private PartnershipsIn view of the progress made on genetic improvement, advancements in farmingtechnology, and increased domestic and global demand for the fast-growing strainsof fish, there has been an increasing participation of the private sector as multipliersor for the production and dissemination of improved tilapia strains (including theGIFT strain) since the late 1990s (Acosta et al. 2004) . For instance, in Philippines,where the GIFT strain was disseminated primarily through the GIFT Foundation’slicensing arrangements with privately owned hatcheries in the country, it wasreported that over 200 million fingerlings had been disseminated for the first5 years of its operation. In Thailand, GIFT accounted for 46% of the 576 milliontilapia seed sold by these hatcheries in 2003 (Pongthana 2004) .8.6 Creating an Environment for Sustainability of GIFT8.6.1 Capacity Building in Developing CountriesThe major objective of the GIFT Project was to develop methods for genetic improvementof tropical fish and disseminate the techniques developed for genetic enhancementof other species (e.g. carps) in different countries. These outputs, particularly, the techniquesdeveloped from the project, have been and are being disseminated and adoptedby national programs to help improve food security in developing countries. To addressthis and to sustain the genetic gains achieved from the GIFT project, WorldFish Centerand its partners have provided greater focus on capacity building and formulatinggenetic improvement programs.The INGA played a crucial role in strengthening the capacity of the developingcountries in applied breeding and genetics. Based on the training needs assessment of
8 The Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias Project: Impact and Lessons Learned161Malawi, 7Fiji, 3B'desh, 26Brazil, 1Malaysia, 38Indonesia, 6India, 19Philippines,21Vietnam , 28Thailand, 24China, 11Ghana, 7Egypt, 13Coted'Ivorie, 6Fig. 8.2 Number of technical persons trained per country under International Network onGenetics in Aquaculture (INGA)the member countries, INGA, through the WorldFish Center’s genetic improvementprograms, organized series of capacity building programs that focused on quantitativegenetics and applied breeding. As of 2004, a total of 210 participants from 14 countriesof Asia, Africa, and Latin America had been trained (Fig. 8.2 ).The strengths of INGA lie primarily on commitment and cooperation of thenetwork members, the participatory mode of operations, and the complementaritiesof skills among its members. However, limited financial and human resources haveconstrained the continuing operations of INGA. Financial assistance from theGovernment of Norway ended in 2003. Since then, in view of the shifting prioritiesof the traditional donors, sourcing funds to sustain the activities of a researchnetwork such as the INGA has become a major challenge. WorldFish Center recognizedthis challenge; hence, to ensure that member countries are continuouslyassisted in their breeding programs, it explored ways on how the activities relatedto training could be built into its various donor-funded projects. For instance,through a project funded by UNDP, WorldFish Center has strengthened the capacityof Egypt, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Malawi in aquaculture genetics and hasassisted them in developing their national breeding programs (WorldFish Center2006) . As part of this activity, a user manual describing in details the key operationsin a selective breeding program for tilapias was published (WorldFish Center 2004) .This manual is a follow-up to the compilation of the GIFT protocols prepared anddisseminated in member countries of INGA when the GIFT project ended (Acostaand Eknath 1998) .
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
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ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
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PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
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Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
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Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
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Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
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1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
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Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
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2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
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Chapter 3Shrimp Farmers in India: E
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3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
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50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
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52 N.R. Umesh et al.• The optimum
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54 N.R. Umesh et al.in five states
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56 N.R. Umesh et al.3.5.2.4 Facilit
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58 N.R. Umesh et al.3.7 Opportuniti
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60 N.R. Umesh et al.with similar ou
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62 N.R. Umesh et al.• Knowledge a
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64 N.R. Umesh et al.helping small f
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66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
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68 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyPlate 4.
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70 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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72 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davytrate th
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74 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davylack of
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76 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davyby incre
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78 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davysoil ana
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80 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davy• Deva
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82 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
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Chapter 5Cage Fish Culture: An Alte
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5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative
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Chapter 6Enhancing Rural Farmer Inc
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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Page 178 and 179: 168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
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Page 198 and 199: 190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
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Page 208 and 209: ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
Page 210 and 211: Contributors203become more relevant
Page 212 and 213: Contributors205research on physiolo
Page 214 and 215: IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
Page 216 and 217: Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
Page 218 and 219: IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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