Success Stories In Asian Aquaculture - Library - Network of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 5Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative LivelihoodOption for Communities Displaced by ReservoirImpoundment in Kulekhani, NepalTek B. Gurung , Raja M. Mulmi , K.C. Kalyan , G. Wagle , Gagan B. Pradhan ,K. Upadhayaya , and Ash K. RaiAbstract In Nepal, fisheries and aquaculture were hardly envisaged duringthe planning of the hydropower project inception phase of the impoundment ofKulekhani Reservoir. However, one of the joint projects between the InternationalDevelopment Research Centre (IDRC), Canada and the Government of Nepaldemonstrated that cage fish cultivation in the reservoir is a promising alternativelivelihood option for displaced communities. Impoundment of these riverine watersleft most aboriginal communities who had been living in the valleys subjected toimpoundment, depriving them of livelihood assets they have enjoyed for generations.However, adoption of plankton-based cage fish culture has demonstrated that suchdisplaced communities can be successful in fish farming as an alternative livelihoodopportunity. Such “no feed” farming systems seem to fit more appropriately into theneeds of the farmers living around Kulekhani, and offer an increased potential forlong-term sustainability. Among 500 families displaced in 1982 due to impoundment,nearly 81% adopted cage fish farming in the reservoir. A total of 231 familiesare now organized into 11 farmer groups as part of an amalgamated fish farmers’association. Most recent data show that the total fish production from the reservoirapproximates 165 tons (2005/2006 data), of which 130 tons were from cage culture.Production has been ongoing for a period of 21 years, and all these communitieshave been able to generate a higher income, which consequently have resulted insignificant improvements to their livelihoods leading to associated benefits such assustaining the schooling of their children from primary to university levels. Dataindicate that livelihoods could be further improved if a sustainable fingerlings supplymechanism could be developed in Kulekhani. It is also important to note thatover the years cage fish farming in the reservoir also stimulated the developmentof a capture fishery, based on escapees and naturally recruited species, all of whichhave significantly contributed to increasing a fresh affordable animal protein sourceto the nearby communities.T. B. Gurung ()Fisheries Research Division , Godawari , PO Box 13342 , Kathmandu , Nepale-mail: frdgdr@wlink.com.npS.S. De Silva and F.B. Davy (eds.), Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture,© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 201085
86 T. B. Gurung et al.5.1 IntroductionInland fishery is a time old tradition of most early civilizations. However, in recenttimes, inland waters have been increasingly impounded for hydropower generation,irrigation, and other purposes (McCully 1995 ; De Silva 1998 ), with devastatingimpacts on nearby agrarian and other communities (IEA 2000 ; IRN 2003) .Impounding submerges the plains suitable for human settlement, agriculture, andseveral other uses, affecting the traditional livelihoods of these communitiesdependent on those lands. River impoundment is known to bring about severe andacute social problems in hilly areas where flat land is scarce.The impoundment might include involuntary resettlement that often may not bemanaged fairly, leading to human tragedies such as uprooting and dispersal of communities(IEA 2000) . There are several examples around the world where displacedcommunities have lost all their livelihood resources, even after receiving heavysubsidies and compensation provided for resettlement (Cernea 1997 ; Ghimire2004) . This might be associated with the sudden turnover, as often people fail toaccept sharp changes to their ongoing livelihood strategies. The process of resettlementis a daunting task. Nevertheless, many governments are convinced that suchprojects with good resettlement programs can generate collective benefits, in termsof generating electrical power or other uses, which largely exceed the adverseimpacts (Pradhan 1987 ; IEA 2000) .Elsewhere in the region it has been shown that reservoir-based fisheries andaquaculture have successfully generated food, income, and alternative livelihoodopportunities (Costa-Pierce and Hadikusumah 1990 ; Sugunan 1995 ; Costa-Pierce1998 ; Gurung et al. 2008) . However, there are limited studies explicitly explainingthe role of fisheries and aquaculture on the issue of resettlement of communitiesdisplaced from impoundment.Here, we present a case study where ethnic aboriginal communities displaced byimpoundment of Kulekhani Reservoir for hydropower generation adopted cage fishculture as a successful strategy for an alternative livelihood option. Thus, the objectiveof this presentation is to examine the impact of cage fish culture on resettlementof the displaced during the construction of hydropower dam, to evaluate thepresent status of cage fish culture and its level of production, and to discuss furthermeasures for scaling up fish production in Kulekhani Reservoir.5.2 Cage Fish CultureCage fish culture is considered to be an old tradition that has developed into a majorsector in aquaculture only in the recent past (De Silva and Phillips 2007 ; Tacon andHalwart 2007) . In Nepal, fish culture in floating net cages commenced only around1971 (Sharma 1979) .
Page 1 and 2:
Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
Page 3 and 4:
Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
Page 5 and 6:
ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
Page 7 and 8:
PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
Page 9 and 10:
Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
Page 11 and 12:
Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
Page 13 and 14:
Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
Page 15 and 16:
1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
Page 29 and 30:
2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46: 2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3Shrimp Farmers in India: E
Page 55 and 56: 3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
Page 57 and 58: 3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
Page 59: 3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empoweri
Page 62 and 63: 50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE
Page 64 and 65: 52 N.R. Umesh et al.• The optimum
Page 66 and 67: 54 N.R. Umesh et al.in five states
Page 68 and 69: 56 N.R. Umesh et al.3.5.2.4 Facilit
Page 70 and 71: 58 N.R. Umesh et al.3.7 Opportuniti
Page 72 and 73: 60 N.R. Umesh et al.with similar ou
Page 74 and 75: 62 N.R. Umesh et al.• Knowledge a
Page 76 and 77: 64 N.R. Umesh et al.helping small f
Page 78 and 79: 66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
Page 80 and 81: 68 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyPlate 4.
Page 82 and 83: 70 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
Page 84 and 85: 72 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davytrate th
Page 86 and 87: 74 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davylack of
Page 88 and 89: 76 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davyby incre
Page 90 and 91: 78 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davysoil ana
Page 92 and 93: 80 H. Kongkeo and F.B. Davy• Deva
Page 94 and 95: 82 H. Kongkeo and F.B. DavyTable 4.
Page 98 and 99: 5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 6Enhancing Rural Farmer Inc
Page 116 and 117: 6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 7Striped Catfish Aquacultur
Page 144 and 145: 7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vi
Page 146 and 147:
7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vi
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
150 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.1 I
Page 162 and 163:
152 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.2 W
Page 164 and 165:
154 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaCente
Page 166 and 167:
156 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaPlate
Page 168 and 169:
158 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaThe I
Page 170 and 171:
160 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptainto
Page 172 and 173:
162 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.6.2
Page 174 and 175:
164 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaIn Th
Page 176 and 177:
166 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Guptafarme
Page 178 and 179:
168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
Page 180 and 181:
170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
Page 182 and 183:
Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
Page 184 and 185:
9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
Page 198 and 199:
190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
Page 200 and 201:
192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
Page 202 and 203:
194 S.S. De Silva et al.• Effecti
Page 204 and 205:
196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
Page 206 and 207:
198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
Page 208 and 209:
ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
Page 210 and 211:
Contributors203become more relevant
Page 212 and 213:
Contributors205research on physiolo
Page 214 and 215:
IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
Page 216 and 217:
Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
Page 218 and 219:
IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
Page 220 and 221:
IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
Page 222:
Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
show all

Success Stories In Asian Aquaculture - Library - Network of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?