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50 N.R. Umesh et al.GoalSUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURETHROUGH EMPOWERINGIssuesPoor productionskillsPoorOrganizationPoor MarketsAccessLoss oflivelihoodsProgramsBMPsClusterapproachSupportservicesFig. 3.3 Schematic representation of NaCSA mission and programsNaCSA continues to consolidate and expand the BMP implementation workthrough the cluster concept initiated under the MPEDA-NACA program across thecountry through a network of aquaculture societies.In the preparation and institutionalization phase, the NaCSA facilitated the formulationof a work plan by involving multistakeholders consultation in September2007. The meeting was attended by over 35 delegates representing Indian Councilof Agriculture Research, state fisheries departments, farmers, farmer organizations,hatcheries, processors, feed companies, professional organizations (SAP), PCRlaboratories, and NACA. From MPEDA, Chairman, Director, and senior officerswere present.Now farmer groups are referred to as societies, which were called as aquaclubsearlier. Societies are setup according to a model established by the Indian government,and are registered by the Ministry of Revenue and subject to annual audits byMPEDA to verify accounts and ensure a democratic and transparent management.In a society, all the members register their farms with CAA and obtain a license.Each society consists of 20–75 farmers with strict conditions for membership andelected board members, and is a legal entity. The societies are also eligible foravailing financial assistance from MPEDA and other agencies for various activitiesrelated to farming.Intensive work in pilot clusters by project team members has led to the gainingof expertise. Moving this knowledge beyond pilot clusters required scaling upthrough human resources recruitment. NaCSA, accordingly, has recruited additional20 field staff, training them and disseminating the project findings to morefarmers. Also developed were organizational structure and work mechanisms andincreased public awareness through various media and direct farmer meetings.
3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empowering Small-Scale Farmers51Andhra Pradesh is taking the lead in society organization as most of the BMPwork was done in this state over the last 5 years. At present, NaCSA is workingwith more than 150 aquaculture societies, and expected to promote BMPs in 500societies within the next couple of years.3.5.1 Why the Approach is Considered a SuccessA number of factors are thought to have contributed to the success of the approachadopted in the present exercise. Foremost among these are:(a) Empowering small-scale farmers(b) Ideal model for small scale farmers to meet market requirements(c) Contributing to sustainability of shrimp farming(d) Increased stakeholder interaction and involvement within the clusters(e) Acceptance of the model by other NACA member countries(f) Self propagating nature of the model3.5.1.1 Empowering Small-Scale FarmersOrganized farmer groups (societies) are one of the key mechanisms for supportingfarmer empowerment. They have the potential for cooperative action, which canchange the position of the farmer in relation to the opportunity structures, and thus,influence the business environment of the farming community. Moreover, small-scalefarmers can, through organization, gain the advantages of economy of scale in accessingservices and markets, which are otherwise limited to large commercial farmers.Farmer groups also improve information exchange and sharing among group members.The small scale shrimp farmer groups of India are in a better position today togain these benefits compared to the situation when they were unorganized.3.5.1.2 Society ManagementEach society has its own guidelines and implements them. The societies are auditedevery year by MPEDA for the implementation of guidelines and BMPs, so far 52societies have been audited and found to be implementing BMPs. Societies whichfail to implement them would lose their society registration. Some features of theregistered societies are as follows:• A society consists of 20–75 farmers and has a clear organization with strictconditions for membership, and elected board members.• Membership to a society is purely on voluntary basis.• In a society, all the members register their farms with the CAA.• The members contribute an admission fee of Rs. 1,000 (US$ 25), and in addition,members have to pay 0.5% of their revenue to the society corpus fund.
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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Sena S. De Silva ●EditorsF.Brian
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ForewordWorld aquaculture has grown
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PrefaceWe are moving into a turbule
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Prefaceix• Provide a direction fo
Page 11 and 12: Contents1 Aquaculture Successes in
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1Aquaculture Successes in A
Page 15 and 16: 1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Co
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2Recent Developments in Ric
Page 29 and 30: 2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish
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Page 78 and 79: 66 N.R. Umesh et al.ReferencesFAO/N
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5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative
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Chapter 6Enhancing Rural Farmer Inc
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6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income thr
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Chapter 7Striped Catfish Aquacultur
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7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vi
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150 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.1 I
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152 B.O. Acosta and M.V. Gupta8.2 W
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154 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaCente
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158 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaThe I
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168 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaBox 8
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170 B.O. Acosta and M.V. GuptaFitzs
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Chapter 9The Role of Exotics in Chi
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9 The Role of Exotics in Chinese In
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188 S.S. De Silva et al.part of an
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190 S.S. De Silva et al.Box 10.1 A
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192 S.S. De Silva et al.other appro
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194 S.S. De Silva et al.• Effecti
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196 S.S. De Silva et al.Table 10.1
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198 S.S. De Silva et al.• Institu
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ContributorsBelen O. Acosta , BSc F
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Contributors203become more relevant
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Contributors205research on physiolo
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IndexAAcosta, B., 155Agrarian Devel
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Indexalternate rice fish farming, 2
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IndexKKanna meeting, of FOs, 112Kul
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IndexSSchizothorax spp. (Asla), 91,
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Sena S. De SilvaF. Brian DavyEditor
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