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11. Out of range: -15 V to 15 VWhile programming a Pot. Dynamic EIS (Impedance) , VoltaMaster 4 checks thatthe potential DC levels of all impedance spectrums are between -15 V and +15 V. If“Potential (mV)” + “Record a number of spectra” x “Potential step” is greater than 15V in absolute value, then VoltaMaster 4 displays the “Out of range” error message.Example:if “Potential (mV)” = -500 mV, “Potential step” = 50 mV and “Record a number ofspectra” = 400, VoltaMaster 4 displays the “Out of range: -15 V to +15 V” errormessage upon closing the parameter dialogue box because:-500 mV + (50 mV x 400) = +19500 mV > 15 V.12. Overvoltage too smallThe “Overvoltage” entered in the “General corrosion (Rp)” dialogue box is toosmall in comparison with the “Scan rate” defined. Enter a greater value for the“Overvoltage” or a smaller one for the “Scan rate”.13. Potential overloadThis error message indicates that the Vg voltage imposed between the workingand the reference electrodes is higher (in absolute value) than 15 V (or 8.19 V for aPGP201).EffectsThe potentiostat could not perform the potential or the current regulation. Theexperiment in progress is stopped.Causes· For a given current I, the resistance Rwork of the circuit between the workingand the reference sockets of the potentiostat is high enough to obtain a voltageE = Rwork x I higher than 15 V (or 8.19 V for a PGP201) in absolute value. Theresistance Rwork can be decreased by placing the working electrode closer tothe reference one.· There is a cut-off in the reference electrode circuit: the potential Vg betweenthe working and the reference electrodes could not be adjusted and increasedleading to an increase in the potential measured which becomes higher than 15V(or 8.19 V for a PGP201) in absolute value. Check the reference electrode(defective reference electrode, unsaturated or contaminated liquid junction,clogged junction, air bubble trapped), and check the reference electrodeconnecting cable (short circuit).· The potential of the electrochemical system is too high.94VoltaMaster 4 - Version 7.0xSection 4, Chapter 8: Error messages