Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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Fig. 1b Detail from Hell’s manuscript “Jn adlocutione ad Societatem Regiam” (WUS Vienna), a draft for instructions to be sent to Sajnovics in Tyrnavia during the winter 1770/71. Hell’s autograph. Translation: “In the preface to the Royal Society [of Copenhagen] // After the words: ‘Imperial and Royal Astronomer from the University of Vienna’, [add the following:] ‘also a Hungarian by nation, invited to Vardøhus by the redoubtable Majesty King Christian VII of Denmark and Norway in order to observe the transit of Venus in front of the disc of the Sun. Since the same Hell, formerly my teacher in astronomical subjects, had chosen me as his travel companion in order to assist him in his astronomical tasks and in particular the examination of the Lappish language, I set off for Finnmark, where I spent about a year. // For on this occasion, it was possible for Hungarians to spend time among the Lapps; on this occasion, it was possible to put to the test Father Hell’s conjecture, which he based upon the Geographia [“Erdbeschreibung”] of Büsching and the Lapponia of Schefferus and which he had frequently mentioned to me during the journey; [on this occasion, it was possible] to test their pronunciation with the language of the Hungarians etc. etc.’ […]”. *Digitised by the author. - 126 -
FIG.1b - 127 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
Page 85 and 86: You spent more of Your time on obse
Page 87 and 88: demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
Page 89 and 90: Even though electromagnetism in the
Page 91 and 92: international arena. A new importan
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Page 95 and 96: Franz appears to have devoted most
Page 97 and 98: Apart from Halloy, who was born in
Page 99 and 100: attach numerous other observations
Page 101 and 102: The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
Page 103 and 104: Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
Page 105 and 106: In terms of publicising, there seem
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Page 109 and 110: Hatvani responds a few weeks later
Page 111 and 112: not flourish in Austria. On the con
Page 113 and 114: textbooks in architecture in Latin
Page 115 and 116: to Hell’s role in this context, w
Page 117 and 118: The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
Page 119 and 120: long time because of astronomical o
Page 121 and 122: Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
Page 123 and 124: “my observations, which I have ei
Page 125 and 126: Pole” must designate something el
Page 127 and 128: observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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Page 139 and 140: FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
Page 141 and 142: FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
Page 143 and 144: edited during these years. What cam
Page 145 and 146: Society of Sciences in the same yea
Page 147 and 148: in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
Page 149 and 150: In Hell’s letters written during
Page 151 and 152: eason as her Prussian counterpart,
Page 153 and 154: was in any case insufficient to fin
Page 155 and 156: Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
Page 157 and 158: in no small measure thanks to the c
Page 159 and 160: Catholic cities and provinces, at t
Page 161 and 162: Numerous letters from Hell to the b
Page 163 and 164: In preceding sections, it has been
Page 165 and 166: estore the studies at the universit
Page 167 and 168: When in 1775 a collection of essays
Page 169 and 170: assistants and all the sailors of t
Page 171 and 172: Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
Page 173 and 174: around the mid-eighteenth century.
Page 175 and 176: Despite radical changes in the inst
Page 177 and 178: The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
Page 179 and 180: At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
Page 181 and 182: well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
Page 183 and 184: died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
Page 185 and 186: However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
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FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
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Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
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2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
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Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
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Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
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Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
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Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
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Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
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2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
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Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
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Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
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Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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