Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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FIGURE 5 THE KEY STAGES OF A TRANSIT OF VENUS α: exterior contact of ingress (first contact), b: interior contact of ingress (second contact), c: interior contact of egress (third contact), d: exterior contact of egress (fourth contact). Illustration and accompanying text by Truls Lynne Hansen. Reproduced with permission.* - 192 -
FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle‟s method requires observations of the time of ingress or egress and knowledge of the observers‟ positions on Earth. When an observer at A sees the start of the ingress, an observer at B still has to wait a while for the event. Venus moves faster than Earth and the line from B therefore swings towards the Sun. The relatively slow rotation of Earth is of secondary importance in this context. Illustration and accompanying text by Truls Lynne Hansen. Reproduced with permission.* - 193 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
Page 151 and 152: eason as her Prussian counterpart,
Page 153 and 154: was in any case insufficient to fin
Page 155 and 156: Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
Page 157 and 158: in no small measure thanks to the c
Page 159 and 160: Catholic cities and provinces, at t
Page 161 and 162: Numerous letters from Hell to the b
Page 163 and 164: In preceding sections, it has been
Page 165 and 166: estore the studies at the universit
Page 167 and 168: When in 1775 a collection of essays
Page 169 and 170: assistants and all the sailors of t
Page 171 and 172: Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
Page 173 and 174: around the mid-eighteenth century.
Page 175 and 176: Despite radical changes in the inst
Page 177 and 178: The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
Page 179 and 180: At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
Page 181 and 182: well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
Page 183 and 184: died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
Page 185 and 186: However limited evidence we have on
Page 187 and 188: The above-mentioned damages that ha
Page 189 and 190: when certain Slovak writers classif
Page 191 and 192: Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
Page 193 and 194: Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
Page 195 and 196: year. For over a hundred years, his
Page 197 and 198: mechanics presented later in the sa
Page 199 and 200: A transit may last for several hour
Page 201: FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
Page 205 and 206: the difference in latitude and long
Page 207 and 208: equired. In theory, the difference
Page 209 and 210: A few years after Halley wrote his
Page 211 and 212: Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
Page 213 and 214: where the senior astronomer Delisle
Page 215 and 216: Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
Page 217 and 218: II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
Page 219 and 220: Veneris). The author of this rather
Page 221 and 222: ecognised as an able observer and c
Page 223 and 224: This means that the actual number o
Page 225 and 226: As to the number of individual obse
Page 227 and 228: TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
Page 229 and 230: II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
Page 231 and 232: foremost, the history of activities
Page 233 and 234: analyse the degree of success or fa
Page 235 and 236: same meridian. For this occasion, W
Page 237 and 238: than one place in this region. 22 T
Page 239 and 240: All three observers in Siberia - Ch
Page 241 and 242: prove insufficient to cover all the
Page 243 and 244: (1739-1781), covered the eastern an
Page 245 and 246: proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
Page 247 and 248: II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
Page 249 and 250: astronomer among its members and it
Page 251 and 252: Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
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FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470:
Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
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2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474:
Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480:
Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482:
Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496:
Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
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Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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