Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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TABLE 3a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS ON THE 1761 VENUS TRANSIT COMPARED TO WOOLF 1959, pp. 135-140 TABLE 3b REPORTS ON DANISH-NORWEGIAN OBSERVATIONS OF THE 1761 VENUS TRANSIT COMPARED TO WOOLF 1959, pp. 135-140 - 276 -
TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS ON THE 1769 VENUS TRANSIT COMPARED TO WOOLF 1959, pp. 182-187 TABLE 4b HELL‟S PUBLICATIONS ON DANISH-NORWEGIAN OBSERVATIONS OF THE 1769 VENUS TRANSIT COMPARED TO WOOLF 1959, pp. 182-187 - 277 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
Page 235 and 236: same meridian. For this occasion, W
Page 237 and 238: than one place in this region. 22 T
Page 239 and 240: All three observers in Siberia - Ch
Page 241 and 242: prove insufficient to cover all the
Page 243 and 244: (1739-1781), covered the eastern an
Page 245 and 246: proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
Page 247 and 248: II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
Page 249 and 250: astronomer among its members and it
Page 251 and 252: Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
Page 253 and 254: himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
Page 255 and 256: data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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Page 259 and 260: Norwegian garrison had been station
Page 261 and 262: way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
Page 263 and 264: newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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Page 267 and 268: men, black slaves among them. 134 B
Page 269 and 270: eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
Page 271 and 272: Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
Page 273 and 274: enlarged 150 times. The first conta
Page 275 and 276: Arguably, these concluding lines ar
Page 277 and 278: The success was short-lived, howeve
Page 279 and 280: II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
Page 281 and 282: emained at a very high level in bot
Page 283 and 284: path of Venus, in order to mount a
Page 285: a number of inaccuracies in his sum
Page 289 and 290: II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
Page 291 and 292: another edition to hand are advised
Page 293 and 294: In the year 1767, nothing was furth
Page 295 and 296: Neither claim is entirely correct.
Page 297 and 298: effectively withdraws the invitatio
Page 299 and 300: Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
Page 301 and 302: singled out in several recent works
Page 303 and 304: As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
Page 305 and 306: in the ordinary method, stars of no
Page 307 and 308: 1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
Page 309 and 310: Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
Page 311 and 312: The interior contact of egress is d
Page 313 and 314: TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
Page 315 and 316: o’clock, as these operations came
Page 317 and 318: the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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Page 321 and 322: eputation, they had another thing i
Page 323 and 324: Although the observations of Sajnov
Page 325 and 326: The review is astonishingly positiv
Page 327 and 328: moments, as well as the excellent m
Page 329 and 330: epeated calculations as the various
Page 331 and 332: the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
Page 333 and 334: the frequent letters he sent to War
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
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FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
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Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
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2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
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Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
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Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
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Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
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Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
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Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
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Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
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2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
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Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
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Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
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Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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