Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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PRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, PART 1 – BEFORE 1800 Abbreviations: Akad.Berlin Digitisation service of Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften: http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften BIBSYS Xerox copy provided by the Norwegian Library System, BIBSYS Bodleian Copy from Bodleian Library, Oxford University CVH Copy from Centrum för Vetenskapshistoria vid Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien, Stockholm Diglib Bologna Digitisation service of Università di Bologna: http://diglib.cib.unibo.it/ KUB Nord Copy from Det Natur- og Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultetsbibliotek, Copenhagen Eph.Astr. Ephemerides Astronomicae ad Meridianum Vindobonensem. Vienna EZB Digitisation service of Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld: http://www.ub.unibielefeld.de/diglib/aufklaerung/zeitschriften.htm ECCO Digitisations provided by Gale Group’s Eighteenth Century Collections Online: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO ECHO Digitisation service of European Cultural Heritage Online: http://echo.mpiwgberlin.mpg.de/home Gallica Digitisation service of Bibliothèque nationale de France: http://gallica.bnf.fr Google Books Digitisation service of Google: http://books.google.com/ Göttinger DigZentrum Digitisation service of Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Göttingen: http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/de/index.html ThULB Digitisation service of Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena: http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/ Handl.Stockh. Kungliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. Stockholm HARS Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences avec les Mémoires de mathématique et de physique tirés des registres de cette Académie. Paris HARS, Mem. Mémoires-section of HARS Inst. Astr. Wien Copy from Institut für Astronomie der Universität Wien, Vienna JdS Journal des Sçavans. Paris JSTOR Digitisation service of the JSTOR organisation: www.jstor.org Les rendez-vous de Vénus CD digitised document on CD Rom issued by the Observatoire de Paris, 2004, edited by Jean-Eudes Arlot, Delphine Mousset, Michel Toulmonde, Patrick Rocher, Gilles Bessou & Audrey Delsanti. Mus.Hist.Sc., Oxf. Copy from Museum of the History of Science, Oxford Phil.Tr. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, giving some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in many Considerable Parts of the World. London Nov.Comm. Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae. St. Petersburg Schwed.Abh. Der Königl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Abhandlungen aus der Naturlehre, Haushaltungskunst und Mechanik […] Aus dem Schwedischen übersetzt. Hamburg and Leipzig Skrifter Kiøb. Skrifter, som udi det Kiøbenhavnske Selskab af Lærdoms og Videnskabers Elskere ere fremlagte og oplæste. Copenhagen Stockh. UB Copy from Stockholms Universitetsbibliotek, Stockholm UBO Copy from Universitetsbiblioteket i Oslo, Oslo UBTØ Copy from Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromsø, Tromsø - 444 -
[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Veneris per Solem a Iesuitis Tranquebariae in India orientali observatus”, Nov.Comm. pro Anno MDCCLXV (1767), p. 569. BIBSYS [Anonymous] [1769]: A Copper Plate and Discourse of the Transit of Venus, On the 3d of June 1769. Most humbly inscribed to His Royal Highness George Prince of Wales, [no place, no publisher] 16 pp. ECCO [Anonymous] (ed.) 1770a: Collectio omnium observationum quae occasione transitus Veneris per Solem a. MDCCLXIX. iussu Augustae per Imperium Russicum institutae fuerunt una cum theoria indeque deductis conclusionibus, Petropoli: Typis Academiae Scientiarum. 607 pp. Les rendez-vous de Vénus CD 1770b: “Praefatio”, Nov.Comm. pro Anno MDCCLIX, vol. XIV pars prior (1770b), pp. [i]-[iv]. BIBSYS [Anonymous] (ed.) 1779: Der Zucker, ein neues Präservativmittel wider den Scorbut (Scharbock) von Herrn Abt <strong>Hell</strong>, Kaiserl. Königl. Hofastronom in Wien, Nebst einer Zuschrift, darinn des Scharbocks Ursachen etc. und auch des Zuckers Eigenschaften gründlicher erwogen und widerlegt werden von Herrn von Albertiz, der Arzneygelartheit Doktor, Vienna / Leipzig: bey Johann Friedrich Jahn. 48 pp. UBO [Anonymous] 1797: Authentic Memoirs of the Life and Reign of Catherine II. Empress of all the Russians. Collected from Authentic MSs. Translations, &c. […], London: Printed for the Author, And sold by B. Crosby. 307 pp. ECCO Austria. Catalogi Breves 1763-1765 (photocopies of printed catalogues). Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, Rome Austria. Catalogi Breves 1766-1769 (photocopies of printed catalogues). Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, Rome Bayly, William (Bayley) 1770: “Astronomical Observations made at the North Cape, for the Royal Society”, Phil.Tr. For the Year 1769, vol. LXIX, pp. 262-272. JSTOR Bergman, Thorbern Olof 1762: “An Account of the Observations made on the same Transit at Upsal in Sweden: In a Letter to Mr. Benjamin Wilson […] from Mr. Thorbern Bergman […] Read Nov. 19, 1761”, Phil.Tr. For the Year 1761, vol. LII, part I, pp. 227-230. JSTOR Bernoulli, Jean (Johann) III 1771a-1772-1776a: Recueil pour les Astronomes, Berlin, Chez l’Auteur. 3 vols., I: x+284 pp., II: 362 pp., III: xii+340 pp. Bodleian 1771b: Lettres Astronomiques où l’on donne une idée de l’état actuel de l’astronomie pratique dans plusieurs villes de l’Europe, Berlin: Chez l’Auteur. 175 pp. Bodleian 1776b-1777a-1777b-1778-1779a-1779b: Nouvelles Littéraires de divers pays. Avec des supplemens pour la liste et le nécrologe des Astronomes, Berlin: chés l’Auteur & chés Hande & Spencer. 6 vols., I: iv+48+64 pp., II: 64 pp., III: 78 pp., IV: 71 pp., V: 68 pp., VI: 88 pp. KUB Nord 1777c: Lettres sur différens sujets, écrites pendant le cours d’un voyage par l’Allemagne, la Suisse, la France méridionale et l’Italie; en 1774. et 1775. avec des additions & des notes plus nouvelles, concernant l’histoire naturelle, les beaux arts, l’Astronomie, & d’autres matières, vol. I, Berlin: Chés G. J. Decker. vii+275 pp. Gallica - 445 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
Page 403 and 404: famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
Page 405 and 406: aware that the sites of observation
Page 407 and 408: 1769 (a.). However, among the highl
Page 409 and 410: the transit would be located in the
Page 411 and 412: Dixon were chosen for this mission
Page 413 and 414: and astronomers recounted so far, d
Page 415 and 416: For as it later emerged, the Divine
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423 and 424: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 425 and 426: I should choose; this needed to be
Page 427 and 428: he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 453: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478: Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480: Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482: Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484: Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486: Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488: Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490: Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492: 2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494: Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496: Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498: Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500: Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502: ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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