Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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5 10 15 20 25 30 nomicum jam celebrem, notissimumque (a.). Quam meam propositionem Augustissima Jmperatrix etiam benignissime ratam, gratamque habuit. Jtineris socio R. Patre Joanne Sajnovics beatus, substituto autem meo R. P. Antonio Pilgram per Decretum Cæsareum jam firmato, in id unum mihi incumbendum erat, ut de rebus omnibus ad Expeditionem hanc litterariam quoquo modo spectantibus providâ Curâ maturandis, perficiendisque agerem; fixum quippe, firmumque erat propositum mihi, ita maturandum, accelerandumque iter, ut Anno 1768 sub finem Mensis Augusti Wardœhusij anchoras jacerem, stationemque mihi designatam tenerem, quod ipsum necessarium quoque erat, nisi Expeditionem anno 1769 fine suo frustratam vellem; in numeris quidem habebam scopum hunc me facile consecuturum, si sub finem Mensis Aprilis 1768 iter ingressus, illud terra, marique per Menses quatuor continuos prosequerer; res tamen aliter accidit, atque animo conceperam, cujus quidem et causam, rationesque referam dum de commoratione Hafniensi paulo amplius acturus sum; (a.) clarissimus hic Vir altero à meo reditu anno, post quam annos ipsos undecim socium meum, atque vices meas per binos annos et menses quatuor maxima cum laude egisset, graviore correptus morbo pectoris, consilio medicorum observatorio Cæsareo-Regio valedicere coactus, post societatis JESV dissolutionem anno 1773 promulgatam, ad suam Jllustrem familiam redux, sublevato mor[bo] nunc dum hæc scribo hortum suburbanum familiæ suæ incolit, in quo eleganter à se exstructam speculam astronomicam domesticam instrumentis ex Anglia suo ære procuratis instructam habet, observationibusque et alijs laboribus mathematicis tempus utilissimè impendit. NB. inserenda ea, quæ Jll[ustrissi]mus Ep[isco]pus de Gondola Vicarius Apost[olicus] per septentrionem causa hujus Expeditionis mecum egerat. 1 ... notissimumque AB 1-18 Quam meam etc. A omittit B 19-28 B omittit A 29-31 in margine A omittit B 3 post habuit voces erasae exhibito eidem decreto eidem subinde leguntur A 8- 11 fixum ... tenerem legitur etiam altera, sed erasa, harum linearum versio, sensum exhibens fere eundem A 13 post vellem; voces Jtaque conceperat leguntur, licet erasae A 13-14 consecuturum ... ingressus supra linea (verbis consequi posse et ingrederer erasis) A 16 atque ... conceperam vocibus quam ... fixeram erasis A 16-17 causam, rationesque an rationemque legenda? A 17-18 de ... acturus sum vocibus Moram Hafniensem descripturus erasis A 18 post acturus sum leguntur voces erasae Jnterea de suppelectile viatica dum itaque in compara[?] vestitu scrutari, mihi socioque cum Jnstrumenta[?] A 20 ante per binos annos leguntur sub Expeditione erasae B 24 mor[bo] conieci; litterae mor in ipso margine paginae leguntur B 29-31 A hanc notam, quae in margine paulo superius legitur, huc transposui. - 416 -
he was already a famous and well known figure (a.). 1 My proposal was deemed reasonable also by her Highness the Empress, who graciously gave her consent. Having received Honourable Father Joannes Sajnovics as my travel companion, and having had Honourable Father Antonius Pilgram confirmed as my substitute by Imperial decree, there was only one issue left for me to focus on, namely to make sure that every issue that in some way or other pertained to the accomplishment of this scientific expedition was dealt with with haste and determination. It was my indivertible persuasion that both the preparations and the travel itself ought to be made swiftly, so that I could cast anchor at Vardøhus and reach my site of observation towards the end of August of the year 1768. This choice was necessary if I was to avoid missing the aim of the expedition in the year 1769. According to my calculations, I should be able reach this destination with ease, if I set forth towards the end of April of the year 1768, and continued restlessly across sea and land for four consecutive months. However, this is not what came to pass. Things did not turn out quite as I had planned, as I will explain below when I will treat the stay in Copenhagen in some more detail. 2 (a.) This highly famous man fell ill from a serious ailment in his chest in the year after my return from Vardøhus, after he had served as my assistant for eleven years, and as my substitute for two years and four months, all this to great praise. Following his doctors’ advice, he was forced to take leave from the Imperial and Royal Observatory, and after the dissolution of the Society of JESUS, which was put in effect in the year 1773, he returned to his illustrious family. He lives, at the time of my writing this, again in good health in the suburban garden of his family, where he has built himself a splendid private astronomical observatory which he has furnished with instruments acquired from England at his own cost. His time is spent most usefully, on observations and other mathematical activities. Note: Here the exchanges that I had concerning this expedition with the highly illustrious Bishop von Gondola, Vicar Apostolic of Nordic Missions, will be included. 3 1. “a famous and well known figure (a.)”: with these words, and its accompanying footnote, manuscript B ends. A omits the footnote, which may be taken as another indication that it was - at least in part - written before the suppression of the Society of Jesus. 2. At this point, the text of A breaks off. 3. A marginal note to A. Franz Joseph von Gondola (1711-1774) was appointed Vicarius Apostolicus for the northern missions of the Catholic church in 1761. His negotiations with Father <strong>Hell</strong> prior to the expedition have not been found. - 417 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
Page 375 and 376: The price cannot yet be established
Page 377 and 378: OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
Page 379 and 380: Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
Page 381 and 382: Chapter VII. On the transportation
Page 383 and 384: VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
Page 385 and 386: PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
Page 387 and 388: PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
Page 389 and 390: VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
Page 391 and 392: PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
Page 393 and 394: III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
Page 395 and 396: Part One A diary of the entire Scie
Page 397 and 398: Accordingly, the minds of astronome
Page 399 and 400: extremes in the duration — in oth
Page 401 and 402: For he 1 had been made to understan
Page 403 and 404: famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
Page 405 and 406: aware that the sites of observation
Page 407 and 408: 1769 (a.). However, among the highl
Page 409 and 410: the transit would be located in the
Page 411 and 412: Dixon were chosen for this mission
Page 413 and 414: and astronomers recounted so far, d
Page 415 and 416: For as it later emerged, the Divine
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423 and 424: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 425: I should choose; this needed to be
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480:
Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482:
Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496:
Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500:
Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502:
ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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