Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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Vienna 21 Mar ’61 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 21 Mar ’61 CHAPPE (Tobolsk) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 21 Mar ’61 PEZENAS (Marseille) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 1 Apr 1761 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L EL Budap rec. (Pinzg.II,187) 9 Vienna 8 Apr 1761 POLENIUS (Padua) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 8 Apr 1761 TAUFFERER (Labacum) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 10 Apr 1761 BRAUN (St. Petersburg) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 10 Apr 1761 CHR MAYER (Heidelb.) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 12 Apr 1761 ZANOTTI (Bologna) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 12 Apr 1761 BOVIUS (Milan) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 12 Apr 1761 XIMENEZ (Florence) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 17 Apr 1761 CHR MAYER (Heidelb.) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 27 Apr 1761 LACAILLE (Paris) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 4 May 1761 RIEGER (Madrid) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 5 May 1761 BRAUN (St. Petersburg) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 10 Jun 1761 CASSINI DE THURY (Baden) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 12 Jun 1761 LACAILLE (Paris) L WUS secr. copy Vienna 12 Jun 1761 LALANDE (Paris) L WUS secr. copy 10 Vienna 6 Aug 1762 ESZTERHAZY (Agria) L Varg.priv. rec. Vienna 21 Sep 1762 ESZTERHAZY (Agria) L Varg.priv. rec. Vienna 24 Oct 1762 ESZTERHAZY (Agria) L Varg.priv. rec. [Vienna] 29 Dec ’63 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L Varg.I,50 transcr. rec. Vienna 12 May ’64 WARGENTIN (Stockholm) L VA Stockh rec. Vienna 20 Dec ’64 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh rec. Vienna 7 May 1765 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L UL Budap. rec. (Pinzg.II,198) Vienna 10 Aug ’65 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh rec. Vienna 18 Aug ’66 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L WUS draft Vienna 27 Aug ’66 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh rec. (WUS draft) Vienna 5 Oct 1766 BUGGE (Copenhagen) L Pinzg.II,3 transcr. rec. (KB Copen) Vienna 5 Mar 1768 The Pope (Vatican) L Vatican copy rec. Vienna 14 Apr 1768 BUGGE (Copenhagen) L Pinzg.II,5 transcr. rec. (KB Copen) Copen. [June 1768] [SCHUMACHER (Copen.)] G RA Copen copy rec. Copen. 30 Jun 1768 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh rec. [Varberg] 6 July ’68 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh copy rec. Trondheim [Aug ’68] KRATZENSTEIN (Copen.) L WUS draft 11 Vardø 12 Oct 1768 ECKLEFF (Vardø) D Kragm,103 transcr. copy rec. Vardø 12 Nov 1768 PILGRAM (Vienna) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,7) Vardø 12 Nov 1768 GRAMBOW (Trondh.) G RA Oslo rec.(Pinzg.II,20)(WUSdraft) Vardø 12 Nov 1768 GUNNERUS (Trondh.) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,24) Vardø 12 Nov 1768 HAGERUP (Talvik) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,27) Vardø 12 Nov 1768 HORREBOW (Copenh.) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,29) Vardø 12 Nov 1768 MERCIER (Copenhagen) G WUS draft Vardø 13 Nov 1768 THOTT (Copenhagen) G RA Oslo rec.(Pinzg.II,35)(WUSdraft) Vardø 28 Nov 1768 ECKLEFF (Vardø) D SA Tø rec., Borchgrevink’s hand Vardø 27 Dec 1768 HAGERUP (Talvik) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,39) Vardø 12 Jan 1768 SCHÖLLER (Trondh.) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,41) Vardø 15 Jan 1769 Pater Generalis SJ (Rome) L WUS draft (Pinzg.II,43) 9 Secr. copy of the same letter is also preserved (WUS). 10 Facsimile in Aspaas 2010. 11 Facsimile in Hansen & Aspaas 2005. - 428 -
Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenhagen) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,49) Vardø 15 Jan 1769 PILGRAM (Vienna) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,50) Vardø 15 Jan 1769 HORREBOW (Copenh.) G,L WUS draft (Pinzg.II,56) Vardø 15 Jan 1769 HÖLLER (Vienna) L WUS draft (Pinzg.II,57) Vardø 15 Jan 1769 GUNNERUS (Trondh.) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,59) Vardø 15 Jan 1769 VON OSTEN (Trondh.) G WUS draft Vardø 16 Jan 1769 VON NORDAL (Trondh.) G WUS draft Vardø 16 Jan 1769 HAGERUP (Talvik) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,62) Vardø 5 April 1769 PILGRAM (Vardø) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,63) Vardø 6 April 1769 BACHOFF (Vienna) G WUS draft Vardø 6 April 1769 MERCIER (Copenhagen) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,70) Vardø 6 April 1769 Pater Generalis SJ (Rome) L WUS draft (Pinzg.II,74) Vardø 6 April 1769 GONDOLA (Hamb./Lübeck) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,76) Vardø 6 April 1769 GUNNERUS (Trondh.) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,83) Vardø 6 April 1769 NIEBUHR (Copenhagen) G WUS draft (Pinzg.II,86) Vardø 6 April 1769 HÖLLER (Vienna) L WUS draft (Pinzg.II,91) Vardø 6 April 1769 VON OËTTEL (Vienna) G WUS draft Vardø 6 April 1769 OËDER (Copenhagen) L WUS draft Vardø 6 April 1769 SCHÖLLER (Trondh.) G WUS draft Vardø 6 April 1769 HAGERUP (Talvik) G WUS draft Vardø 6 April 1769 [BREDAL/PAUS] (Talvik) L WUS draft Vardø 30 Apr 1769 PILGRAM (Vienna) L WUS draft (Pinzg.II,93) Vardø 30 Apr 1769 THOTT (Copenhagen) G RA Oslo rec.(Pinzg.II,95)(WUSdraft) Vardø 30 Apr 1769 GRAMBOW (Trondh.) G WUS draft Vardø 30 Apr 1769 HORREBOW (Copenh.) L WUS draft Vardø 5 June 1769 THOTT (Copenhagen) G RA Oslo rec. (Pinzg.II,102) Copenh. 7 Nov ’69 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh rec. Copenh. 14 Apr ’70 PRAY (Posonium) L EL Budap rec. (Pinzg.II,202) Vienna 28 Nov ’70 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L EL Budap rec. (Pinzg.II,204) Vienna 4 Jan 1771 PRAY (Posonium) L EL Budap rec. (Pinzg.II,206) Vienna 10 Jan 1771 PRAY (Posonium) L EL Budap rec. Vienna 30 Jan 1771 PRAY (Posonium) l EL Budap rec. Vienna 29 Mar ’71 PRAY (Posonium) L EL Budap rec. Vienna 23 Apr 1771 FIXLMILLNER (Cremifanum) L Rabn.,113 transcr.rec. (Pinzg.II,158) Vienna 24 May ’71 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L EL Budap rec. (Pinzg.II,104) Vienna 31 May ’71 PRAY (Posonium) L EL Budap rec. Vienna 13 June ’71 PRAY (Posonium) L EL Budap rec. Vienna 15 June ’71 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh rec. Vienna 5 Oct 1771 FIXLMILLNER (Cremif.) L Rabn.,115 transcr. rec. (Pinzg.II,160) Vienna 20 Dec ’71 J. BERNOULLI (Berlin) L UB Basel rec. Vienna 26 Dec ’71 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L UL Budap. rec. (Pinzg.II,107) Vienna 27 Dec ’71 FIXLMILLNER (Cremif.) L Rabn.,117 transcr. rec. Vienna 1 Jan 1772 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh rec. Vienna 24 Jan 1772 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L EL Budap rec. (Pinzg.II,110) Vienna 28 Jan 1772 KAPRINAI (Tyrnavia) L EL Budap rec. Vienna 5 Feb 1772 KAPRINAI (Tyrnavia) L EL Budap rec. Vienna 18 Feb 1772 KAPRINAI (Tyrnavia) L EL Budap rec. Vienna 19 June ’72 WEISS (Tyrnavia) L EL Budap rec. (Pinzg.II,111) Vienna 15 July ’72 WARGENTIN (Stockh.) L VA Stockh rec. Vienna 17 July ’72 FIXLMILLNER (Cremif.) L Rabn.,118 transcr. rec. - 429 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
Page 387 and 388: PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
Page 389 and 390: VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
Page 391 and 392: PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
Page 393 and 394: III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
Page 395 and 396: Part One A diary of the entire Scie
Page 397 and 398: Accordingly, the minds of astronome
Page 399 and 400: extremes in the duration — in oth
Page 401 and 402: For he 1 had been made to understan
Page 403 and 404: famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
Page 405 and 406: aware that the sites of observation
Page 407 and 408: 1769 (a.). However, among the highl
Page 409 and 410: the transit would be located in the
Page 411 and 412: Dixon were chosen for this mission
Page 413 and 414: and astronomers recounted so far, d
Page 415 and 416: For as it later emerged, the Divine
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423 and 424: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 425 and 426: I should choose; this needed to be
Page 427 and 428: he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 443 and 444: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 451 and 452: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 2
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478: Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480: Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482: Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484: Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486: Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488: Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496:
Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500:
Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502:
ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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