Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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FIGURE 7 THE BLACK DROP EFFECT The black drop effect as depicted by Daniel Melander, professor of astronomy at Uppsala, in his 1769 report “Uttydning på de Phænomener, hvilka åtfölja Planeten Veneris Passage genom Solen” („Interpretation of the phenomena that follow the transit of the planet Venus through the Sun‟ [Melander 1769]). Melander‟s Fig. 2, Fig: 3 and Fig 4 show formations of Venus (V) during interior contact at ingress. Digitised by the author.* - 198 -
A few years after Halley wrote his admonition of 1716, the Wittenberg astronomer Johann Friedrich Weidler (1691–1755) published a „Dissertation on the Present State of Astronomical Observatories‟. 26 In this work, published in 1727, a total of sixteen European observatories are described, in addition to a sole Jesuit observatory in China. The largely chronological arrangement of Weidler‟s dissertation bears witness to the initial phases of what we might call an institutionalisation process of astronomy. Beginning with the long-since deserted Uranienborg on Hven (or Ven), established by Tycho Brahe in 1580, he continues with Rundetårn in Copenhagen (finished in 1642), Greenwich (1676), Paris (1671), Nuremberg (1678) and Leiden (1633). In fact, these observatories are the only ones established prior to 1700 that he finds worthy of mention. 27 During the first quarter of the eighteenth century, however, Berlin, Kassel, Altdorf, Utrecht, Bologna, Rome, Genoa, Padua, Lisbon and St. Petersburg followed suit. During the second half of the eighteenth century, the French astronomer Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande (also spelled La Lande or Delalande, 1732–1807) undertook a similar survey for his classic Astronomie. In the preface to the <strong>1792</strong> edition, a total of 138 observatories are described, the vast majority of them situated in Europe. 28 Some were no longer functioning at the time of writing; others were in the early stages of construction. Nevertheless, the sheer number of observatories described by Lalande, compared to those enumerated by Weidler, gives an idea of the rapid growth of interest in astronomy during the eighteenth century. As the year 1761 approached, therefore, the conditions for success were in fact even more promising than they had been in the days of Halley. The 1761 transit of Venus took place in the midst of the Seven Years‟ War, in which the two leading nations of astronomy, France and Britain, were opposing each other. Despite the difficulties caused by the war they managed to co-operate and the standard history of the eighteenth-century transits of Venus concludes that approximately 65 sites provided sets of 26 Weidler, De Praesenti Specularum Astronomicarum Statu Dissertatio, 1727. In the preceding year, the author of the dissertation had travelled around Germany, the Netherlands, England, France and Switzerland, where he had visited several of the observatories described, cf. the biography by Wilhelm Weidler 1915, pp. 6-10. 27 Other famous seventeenth-century observatories, like that of Hevelius in Danzig/Gdansk, are not mentioned by Weidler, probably because they were not functioning any more at the time of writing (cf. the title of Weidler‟s dissertation, “De Praesenti Statu…” = “On the Present State…”). 28 My count, on the basis of Lalande, Astronomie, 3 rd edition, <strong>1792</strong>, Préface, “Des différens observatoires de l‟Europe”, pp. xxx-liv. The prefaces to the two prior editions of the Astronomie (published in 1764 and 1771) do not contain analogous enumerations of observatories. - 199 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
Page 157 and 158: in no small measure thanks to the c
Page 159 and 160: Catholic cities and provinces, at t
Page 161 and 162: Numerous letters from Hell to the b
Page 163 and 164: In preceding sections, it has been
Page 165 and 166: estore the studies at the universit
Page 167 and 168: When in 1775 a collection of essays
Page 169 and 170: assistants and all the sailors of t
Page 171 and 172: Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
Page 173 and 174: around the mid-eighteenth century.
Page 175 and 176: Despite radical changes in the inst
Page 177 and 178: The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
Page 179 and 180: At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
Page 181 and 182: well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
Page 183 and 184: died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
Page 185 and 186: However limited evidence we have on
Page 187 and 188: The above-mentioned damages that ha
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Page 191 and 192: Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
Page 193 and 194: Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
Page 195 and 196: year. For over a hundred years, his
Page 197 and 198: mechanics presented later in the sa
Page 199 and 200: A transit may last for several hour
Page 201 and 202: FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
Page 205 and 206: the difference in latitude and long
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Page 211 and 212: Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
Page 213 and 214: where the senior astronomer Delisle
Page 215 and 216: Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
Page 217 and 218: II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
Page 219 and 220: Veneris). The author of this rather
Page 221 and 222: ecognised as an able observer and c
Page 223 and 224: This means that the actual number o
Page 225 and 226: As to the number of individual obse
Page 227 and 228: TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
Page 229 and 230: II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
Page 231 and 232: foremost, the history of activities
Page 233 and 234: analyse the degree of success or fa
Page 235 and 236: same meridian. For this occasion, W
Page 237 and 238: than one place in this region. 22 T
Page 239 and 240: All three observers in Siberia - Ch
Page 241 and 242: prove insufficient to cover all the
Page 243 and 244: (1739-1781), covered the eastern an
Page 245 and 246: proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
Page 247 and 248: II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
Page 249 and 250: astronomer among its members and it
Page 251 and 252: Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
Page 253 and 254: himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
Page 255 and 256: data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
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Page 445 and 446:
FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
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Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
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2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474:
Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480:
Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482:
Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
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Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
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Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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