Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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FIGURE 3 THE SOLAR PARALLAX The solar parallax p is the angular displacement of the Sun when the observer moves from C to A. This is the same as the angle p' subtended by Earth‟s radius r as seen from the Sun. Since α>>r, we have p = p' = r/α. Illustration and accompanying text by Truls Lynne Hansen. Reproduced with permission.* - 190 -
FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH FROM TWO SITES OF OBSERVATION During a transit of Venus, the path of the planet on the disc of the Sun as seen from A and B would shift, altering the times of ingress and egress as well as the duration of the transit (note that the degree of shift has been exaggerated here). Illustration and accompanying text by Truls Lynne Hansen. Reproduced with permission.* - 191 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
Page 149 and 150: In Hell’s letters written during
Page 151 and 152: eason as her Prussian counterpart,
Page 153 and 154: was in any case insufficient to fin
Page 155 and 156: Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
Page 157 and 158: in no small measure thanks to the c
Page 159 and 160: Catholic cities and provinces, at t
Page 161 and 162: Numerous letters from Hell to the b
Page 163 and 164: In preceding sections, it has been
Page 165 and 166: estore the studies at the universit
Page 167 and 168: When in 1775 a collection of essays
Page 169 and 170: assistants and all the sailors of t
Page 171 and 172: Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
Page 173 and 174: around the mid-eighteenth century.
Page 175 and 176: Despite radical changes in the inst
Page 177 and 178: The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
Page 179 and 180: At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
Page 181 and 182: well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
Page 183 and 184: died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
Page 185 and 186: However limited evidence we have on
Page 187 and 188: The above-mentioned damages that ha
Page 189 and 190: when certain Slovak writers classif
Page 191 and 192: Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
Page 193 and 194: Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
Page 195 and 196: year. For over a hundred years, his
Page 197 and 198: mechanics presented later in the sa
Page 199: A transit may last for several hour
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
Page 205 and 206: the difference in latitude and long
Page 207 and 208: equired. In theory, the difference
Page 209 and 210: A few years after Halley wrote his
Page 211 and 212: Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
Page 213 and 214: where the senior astronomer Delisle
Page 215 and 216: Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
Page 217 and 218: II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
Page 219 and 220: Veneris). The author of this rather
Page 221 and 222: ecognised as an able observer and c
Page 223 and 224: This means that the actual number o
Page 225 and 226: As to the number of individual obse
Page 227 and 228: TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
Page 229 and 230: II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
Page 231 and 232: foremost, the history of activities
Page 233 and 234: analyse the degree of success or fa
Page 235 and 236: same meridian. For this occasion, W
Page 237 and 238: than one place in this region. 22 T
Page 239 and 240: All three observers in Siberia - Ch
Page 241 and 242: prove insufficient to cover all the
Page 243 and 244: (1739-1781), covered the eastern an
Page 245 and 246: proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
Page 247 and 248: II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
Page 249 and 250: astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
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Page 445 and 446:
FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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Page 453 and 454:
MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470:
Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
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2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474:
Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480:
Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
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Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496:
Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
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Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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