Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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TABLE 2 ARTICLES ON THE VENUS TRANSITS IN THE NOVI COMMENTARII ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM IMPERIALIS PETROPOLITANAE Volume Year(s) covered (published) Number of pages Articles, pages on Venus transit(s) I 1747 & 1748 (1750) 76 + 653 -- II 1749 (1751) 35 + 451 -- III 1750 & 1751 (1753) 40 + 473 -- IV 1752 & 1753 (1758) 70 + 492 -- V 1754 & 1755 (1760) 47 + 480 -- VI 1756 & 1757 (1761) 44 + 564 -- VII 1758 & 1759 (1761) 47 + 520 -- VIII 1760 & 1761 (1763) 72 + 532 -- (sic) IX 1762 & 1763 (1764) 56 + 512 -- (sic) 59 X 1764 (1766) 71 + 558 3, 111 XI 1765 (1767) 54 + 576 3, 100 XII 1766 & 1767 (1768) 58 + 600 1, 12 XIII 1768 (1769) 52 + 560 1, 20 XIV Pars I 1769 (1770) 52 + 602 -- 60 XIV Pars II 1769 (1770) 20 + 640 12, 567 XV 1770 (1771) 60 + 683 -- 61 XVI 1771 (1772) 64 + 710 3, 107 XVII 1772 (1773) 58 + 722 1, 64 XVIII 1773 (1774) 68 + 675 -- XIX 1774 (1775) 76 + 653 -- XX 1775 (1776) 80 + 643 -- Authors Articles Volume(s) Aepinus 1 X Anonymi 5 XI; XIV Pars II (4 articles) Chr. Euler 1 XIV Pars II Heinsius 2 X (2 articles) Islenieff 1 XIV Pars II Krafft 2 XIV Pars II; XVI Lowits 1 XIV Pars II Chr. Mayer 1 XIII Mallet 1 XIV Pars II Pictet 1 XIV Pars II Rumovski 5 XI (2 articles); XI; XII; XIV Pars II Lexell 3 XVI (2 articles); XVII 59 Chappe‟s Memoire du passage de Vénus (1762) mentioned in „Summarium dissertationum‟, pp. 66-67, but only in the context of longitudinal measurements. 60 Account of the Russian-sponsored Venus transit expeditions of 1769 in „Praefatio‟ (four pages, [i]-[iv]). 61 A couple of articles in this volume treat the geodetic measurements resulting from the Venus transit project, but not the transits of Venus as such. The same applies to some articles in the preceding volume (XIV Pars II). - 236 -
II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE VENUS TRANSIT PROJECT OF 1761 Denmark was at that time a country with proud traditions in astronomy. It had after all hosted Tycho Brahe on the island of Hven during the sixteenth century, during those years when he made observations that came to serve as the foundation for a new understanding of the universe. As early as 1642, the famous Rundetårn („Round Tower‟) Observatory in Copenhagen was erected, decades before Paris (1671) or Greenwich (1676), not to mention Uppsala (1739) or Stockholm (1753). Among the directors of the Rundetårn Observatory were Ole Rømer (or Olaus Roemer, 1644-1710), famous for his determination of the speed of light, which he presented to the Paris Academy of Sciences during a ten-year sojourn there during the 1670s, and Peder (Petrus) Horrebow the Elder (1679-1764), who was appointed Director of the Observatory in 1714. Horrebow‟s early years in office appear to have been marked by quite frequent observations and a considerable enlargement of the stock of instruments. However, a fire in 1728 destroyed most of the instruments, manuscripts and books of Peder Horrebow, who never managed to get his observatory properly restored. He retired in 1753, enabling one of his sons, Christian Horrebow (1718-1776) to inherit his post as Director of the Observatory as well as the title Kongelig Astronom („Astronomer Royal‟). Since both the relevant transits of Venus took place during his years in office, the career of Chr. Horrebow merits some consideration. According to the authors of the work „Four Centuries of Danish Astronomy‟ – Claus Thykier, Kjeld Gyldenkerne and Per Darnell 62 – Christian Horrebow was an able observer. When it came to political talent, however, he clearly lacked the strategic flair of his Swedish counterpart, Wargentin. On 6 June 1761, prominent visitors showed up at Rundetårn only to find obsolete instruments and bad clocks. 63 The head of the observatory had made no attempt to apply for extra funding to acquire new instruments, or at least to repair those that were not functioning. This situation could probably have been avoided had he contacted the government and emphasised the international prestige involved in the project. Admittedly, Chr. Horrebow did what he could with the equipment he had. He and his staff examined the path of Venus across the Sun‟s disc carefully and – at least some of them – also managed to observe the moments of egress (the ingress took place during the night and was not observable in Copenhagen). But when the data was sent to Paris, Horrebow forgot to reduce 62 Thykier et al., Dansk Astronomi gennem Firehundrede År, 3 vols., 1990. 63 Thykier et al. 1990, vol. I, p. 93: ”Videnskabernes Selskabs formand, Grev Thott, og ikke mindre end 14 astronomer mødte op til umoderne instrumenter og slette ure”. See also vol. II, p. 251. - 237 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
Page 195 and 196: year. For over a hundred years, his
Page 197 and 198: mechanics presented later in the sa
Page 199 and 200: A transit may last for several hour
Page 201 and 202: FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
Page 203 and 204: FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
Page 205 and 206: the difference in latitude and long
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Page 209 and 210: A few years after Halley wrote his
Page 211 and 212: Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
Page 213 and 214: where the senior astronomer Delisle
Page 215 and 216: Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
Page 217 and 218: II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
Page 219 and 220: Veneris). The author of this rather
Page 221 and 222: ecognised as an able observer and c
Page 223 and 224: This means that the actual number o
Page 225 and 226: As to the number of individual obse
Page 227 and 228: TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
Page 229 and 230: II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
Page 231 and 232: foremost, the history of activities
Page 233 and 234: analyse the degree of success or fa
Page 235 and 236: same meridian. For this occasion, W
Page 237 and 238: than one place in this region. 22 T
Page 239 and 240: All three observers in Siberia - Ch
Page 241 and 242: prove insufficient to cover all the
Page 243 and 244: (1739-1781), covered the eastern an
Page 245: proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
Page 249 and 250: astronomer among its members and it
Page 251 and 252: Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
Page 253 and 254: himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
Page 255 and 256: data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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Page 259 and 260: Norwegian garrison had been station
Page 261 and 262: way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
Page 263 and 264: newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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Page 267 and 268: men, black slaves among them. 134 B
Page 269 and 270: eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
Page 271 and 272: Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
Page 273 and 274: enlarged 150 times. The first conta
Page 275 and 276: Arguably, these concluding lines ar
Page 277 and 278: The success was short-lived, howeve
Page 279 and 280: II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
Page 281 and 282: emained at a very high level in bot
Page 283 and 284: path of Venus, in order to mount a
Page 285 and 286: a number of inaccuracies in his sum
Page 287 and 288: TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
Page 289 and 290: II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
Page 291 and 292: another edition to hand are advised
Page 293 and 294: In the year 1767, nothing was furth
Page 295 and 296: Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
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FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
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Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
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2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
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Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
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Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
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Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
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Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
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Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
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Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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