Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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Hoffmann, Hermann 1969: Friedrich II. von Preussen und die Aufhebung der Gesellschaft Jesu, Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I., Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. Holm, Edvard 1902: Danmark-Norges Historie under Kristian VII (1766-1808), Første Binds Første Afdeling (1766-15 September 1770), Kjøbenhavn: Universitetsboghandler G.E.C. Gad. Holmberg, Peter 2008: “Anders Planman och Solens parallax”, Arkhimedes no. 5/2008, pp. 15-21. Holovics, Flórián 1972: “Sajnovics János a Demonstratióról”, Magyar Nyelv LXVIII, pp. 432-501. Holzapfel, Helmut 1979: Pater Maximilian Hell S.J. i Danmark. Et bidrag til Kirkens historie i Danmark i sidste halvdel af 18. århundrede. Würzburg. Horn d’Arturo, Guido 1922: “Il fenomeno della ‘goccia nera’ e l’astigmatismo”, Pubblicazioni dell’Osservatorio astronomico della R. Università di Bologna vol. I, no. 3, pp. 25-57. Horský, Zdeněk 1970: “Vedecké dielo Maximiliána Hella / Das Wissenschaftliche Werk von Maximilian Hell”, in Novák (ed.), pp. 71-101. Hovdhaugen, Even, Fred Karlsson, Carol Henriksen & Bengt Sigurd 2000: The History of Linguistics in the Nordic Countries, Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Home, R. W. 1973: “Science as a Career in Eighteenth-Century Russia: The Case of F.U.T. Aepinus”, Slavonic and East European Review vol. 51, pp. 75-94. Howse, Derek 1986: The Greenwich List of Observatories: A World List of Astronomical Observatories, Instruments and Clocks, 1670-1850, Journal for the History of Astronomy vol. 17 Part 4. 1994: “The Greenwich List of Observatories: A World List of Astronomical Instruments and Clocks, 1670-1850. Amendment List No. 1”, Journal for the History of Astronomy vol. 25, pp. 207-235. Howse, Derek & Andrew Murray 1997: “Lieutenant Cook and the transit of Venus, 1769”, Astronomy & Geophysics vol. 38, pp. 27-30. Hsia, Florence 1999: “Jesuits, Jupiter’s Satellites, and the Académie Royale des Sciences”, in O’Malley et al. (eds.), pp. 241-257. Hudon, Daniel 2004: “A (Not So) Brief History of the Transits of Venus”, The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada / Le Journal de la Société royal d’astronomie du Canada vol. 98, pp. 6-20. Hughes, David W. 2005a: “Why did other European astronomers not see the December 1639 transit of Venus?”, in Kurtz (ed.), pp. 146-152. 2005b: “Transit of Venus: The Scientific Event that Led Captain Cook to Australia, by Nick Lomb, (Powerhouse Publishing, Haymarket, NSW), 2004”, The Observatory: A Review of Astronomy vol. 125, p. 45. - 472 -
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske efterretninger om dem, der ved Kjøbenhavns Universitet have erholdt de høieste akademiske værdigheder, Roeskilde: D. Hansons Bogtrykkeri. Hurel, Daniel-Odon & Gérard Laudin (eds.) 2000: Académies et sociétés savantes en Europe (1650-1800), Paris / Genève: Honoré Champion Éditeur / Editions Slatkine. Hviid, Andreas Christian [2005]: Andreas Christian Hviids Europa: Udtog af en Dagbog holden i Aarene 1777- 1780 paa en Reise igennem Tyskland, Italien, Frankrige og Holland ([first edn. 1788, author’s name then spelled Hwiid], edited, with foreword and commentary by Michael Harbsmeier, Claus Mechlenborg & Morten Petersen), Copenhagen: Forlaget Vandkunsten. Hymes, Dell (ed.) 1974: Studies in the History of Lingustics: Traditions and Paradigms, Bloomington / London: Indiana University Press. Iggers, Georg G. & Q. Edward Wang (with the assistance of Supriya Mukherjee) 2008: A Global History of Modern Historiography, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. IJsewijn, Jozef 1990: Companion to Neo-Latin Studies, Part I: History and Diffusion of Neo-Latin Literature, 2 nd edn., Supplementa Humanistica Lovaniensia V, Leuven: Leuwen University Press. Jami, Catherine 2004: “Légitimité dynastique et reconstruction des sciences Mei Wending (1633- 1721)”, Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales vol. 59, pp. 701-727. Janota, Dušan 1970: “Život Maiximiliána Hella / Das Leben Maximilian Hells”, in Novák (ed.), pp. 45-69. Jászó, Anna A. 1983: “Deux études sur János Sajnovics”, Études Finno-Ougriennes XVI, pp. 255-261. Jedin, Hubert (ed.) 1970: Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band V: Die Kirche im Zeitalter des Absolutismus und der Aufklärung, Freiburg / Basel / Wien: Herder. Jensen, Ola W. 2011: “Mellan dilettantism och professionalism: Om konstruktionen av vetenskapliga självbilder inom 1800-talets svenska minnesvård och arkeologi”, in Federhofer & Hodacs (eds.), pp. 255-286. Jørgensen, Per Magnus (ed., main author) 2007: Botanikkens historie i Norge, [Bergen]: Fagbokforlaget. Kafka, Richard [2003:] Bridges to the North: From the history of Slovak – Norwegian cooperation in the area of science and technology, [Ziar nad Hronom]: Slovalco. Kalkar, Otto 1881-1907: Ordbog til det Ældre Danske Sprog (1300-1700), vol. 1-4, Copenhagen: facsimile edition online: http://www.hist.uib.no/kalkar/ Kamusella, Tomasz 2009: The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Kargon, Robert 2003: “Harry Woolf, 1923-2003”, ISIS vol. 94, pp. 492-493. - 473 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478: Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480: Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481: Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 485 and 486: Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488: Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490: Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492: 2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494: Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496: Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498: Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500: Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502: ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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