Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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5 10 15 20 25 30 quum omnes hæ stationes, DEo ita ordinante, cœlo per nubes obducto completa observatione privatas jam novimus (a.), solum Wardœhusium, ea erat Daniæ subjecta Jmperio Maris glacialis Jnsula, quam cœlo sereno pro utroque contactu exacte observando DEus optimus maximus beaverat (b.). Annus erat 1767, quo sapientissimi, scientiarum, atque boni publici amantes Christiani VII Daniæ et Norwegiæ Regis Ministri, intellectis vicinarum Daniæ Aularum Russiæ scilicet et Sueciæ causa Transitus Veneris diei 3 Junij 1769, decretis Expeditionibus, atque unà perspecto Jnsulæ Wardœhusianæ Regi Daniæ subjectæ situ, huic consequendo fini perquam commodissimo, Consilio inito (a.) Kolæ quidem cel. Rumowskj observationes contactuum protulit, sed trans nubes spectatas, certitudine necessaria carentes, et Cajaneburgi cel. D. Planman ob solem ad horizontem vaporibus immersum, nubesque supervenientes minus quoque certas habere potuit contactuum observationes, et in Egressu quidem solum contactum externum, cum interior per nubes videndus impediebatur, eumque prorsus dubium retulit. Quis igitur adeo manifestam DEJ dispositionem in hoc eventu non admiretur, qui novit, è decem stationibus ingenti adeo à se intervallo dissitis, ut quædam plus centum milliaribus à se invicem distarent, novem harum eodem fere tempore cœlum habuisse nubilum? Si igitur Jnsula Wardœhusiana observatore caruisset, cuj soli cœlum pro observatione contactuum serenum à divino Numine decretum erat, fructu certè præcipuo etiam aliorum Principum Expeditiones in partem Americæ australem privatæ fuissent, quum Definitio hujus Problematis ab observationibus septentrionalibus Europæis cum Australibus Americæ collatis penderet, ut Astronomis notum est. (b.) Mirabilem DEJ dispositionem Sub ipsum observationis tempus nubium cursum ita dirigentem, ut uterque Contactus cœlo serenissimo à me obtentus fuerit, fusius retuli, in observatione Transitus Veneris Wardœhusij à me facta, quæ primùm Hafniæ, dein Viennæ in Ephem[eridibus ad annum] 1771, ac demum Lipsiæ in Actis eruditis typis exscripta habetur. 1-11 AB 12-33 Bb omittit A 1-2 quum ... solum B qvas omnes stationes ita ordinante DEo fine caruisse suo jam novimus, solum A 3 Maris glacialis B omittit A 4-5 quam ... beaverat B quam dono hoc cœlesti divina beare decreverat clementiâ (sic) A 6-7 atque boni publici B omittit A 7 Ministri B ministeri A 7-8 intellectis B cognitis A 9 diei ... 1769 B omittit A 9-10 atque unà A omittit B 10 perspecto B cognita (sic) A 11 consequendo B omittit A | commodissimo B opportunissimo A 12 Kolæ quidem B stationes in septentrione supra recensitæ die 3 Junij tempore Transitus Veneris causa cœli nubibus obducti, observatione contactuum privatæ fuêre omnes, Kolæ equidem b 12-13 observationes ... carentes B trans nubes dubios obtinuit contactus b 13 et b omittit B 14 Planman B Planmann b 14-15 nubesque supervenientes B omittit b 26 Europæis in margine B omittit b | Americæ B omittit b 26-27 ut Astronomis notum est B ut optime nôrunt Astronomi b 30 in observatione B in Typis edita observatione b 31 à me facta, quæ b facta, et B 32 ac demum B itemque b - 404 -
For as it later emerged, the Divine Will of God arranged matters so that all the stations mentioned were deprived of a complete observation due to a clouded sky (a.). Indeed, Vardøhus alone it was, that island sited by the Arctic Sea and belonging to the Danish Empire, which was granted by God Allmighty the blessing of a clear sky so that each of the contacts could be accurately observed (b.). It was in the year 1767 that the highly wise ministers of King Christian VII of Denmark and Norway learnt of the decisions that had been taken by the neighbouring courts — namely, the Russian and the Swedish — to make expeditions in order to observe the transit of Venus on 3 rd June 1769. At the same time, these supporters of the sciences and the common good had perceived that the Vardøhus island belonging to the King of Denmark enjoyed a geographical position that rendered it highly suitable for the attainment of this goal. Having discussed the issue with each other, (a.) In Kola the famous Rumovskii did indeed obtain observations of the contacts, but through a layer of clouds and lacking in the exactitude required; likewise, at Kajaneborg the famous Mister Planman failed to obtain accurate observations because the Sun was immersed in vapours close to the horizon, with clouds passing in front of it. During egress, because observation of the inner contact was hindered by clouds, Planman was only able to record the external contact, but his report on this point is very dubious. What person, I ask, is not struck with awe at God’s manifest dispositioning in this outcome, when he learns that out of ten sites of observation, distributed with such an enormous space between each other (some of them even at a distance of more than a hundred miles apart), no less than nine of these experienced a clouded sky at almost exactly the same moments? In other words, if on that day no observer had been present at the island of Vardøhus, the site that was unique in being granted, by the Divine Will, a clear sky facilitating observation of the contacts, then even the results from expeditions of other sovereigns to the southern part of America would have been deprived of their value as well. For, as is well known to the astronomers, the resolution of this problem depended upon a collation of northern observations from Europe with southern observations from America. (b.) A detailed account of God’s extraordinary dispositioning during the crucial moment of observation, when He directed the course of the clouds in such a way that I was able to observe each of the contacts through a perfectly cloudless sky, is found in my work Observatio Transitus Veneris ... Wardoëhusii ... facta [‘Observation of the transit of Venus, made in Vardøhus’], printed for the first time in Copenhagen [Hell 1770a1], then in Vienna (in the Ephemerides for the year 1771) [Hell 1770a4], and finally in the [Nova] Acta Eruditorum in Leipzig [Hell 1770a2]. - 405 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
Page 363 and 364: I have designated the texts thus: L
Page 365 and 366: connoisseurs, which I am going to p
Page 367 and 368: III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
Page 369 and 370: e listed exhaustively in the appara
Page 371 and 372: III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
Page 373 and 374: SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
Page 375 and 376: The price cannot yet be established
Page 377 and 378: OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
Page 379 and 380: Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
Page 381 and 382: Chapter VII. On the transportation
Page 383 and 384: VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
Page 385 and 386: PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
Page 387 and 388: PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
Page 389 and 390: VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
Page 391 and 392: PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
Page 393 and 394: III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
Page 395 and 396: Part One A diary of the entire Scie
Page 397 and 398: Accordingly, the minds of astronome
Page 399 and 400: extremes in the duration — in oth
Page 401 and 402: For he 1 had been made to understan
Page 403 and 404: famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
Page 405 and 406: aware that the sites of observation
Page 407 and 408: 1769 (a.). However, among the highl
Page 409 and 410: the transit would be located in the
Page 411 and 412: Dixon were chosen for this mission
Page 413: and astronomers recounted so far, d
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423 and 424: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 425 and 426: I should choose; this needed to be
Page 427 and 428: he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466:
Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468:
1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470:
Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472:
2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474:
Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480:
Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482:
Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496:
Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500:
Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502:
ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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