Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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5 10 15 20 25 consilium mecum ipso ineo, quem eum volebam, qui et Genio arrideret meo, et de societate JESV esset, et viribus corporis valeret firmis, atque periculorum subeundorum, commodorumque Contemptor foret fortissimus, essetque unà in Astronomia utraque versatus adeo, ut si ipse per infirmiorem valetudinem, aut alium Casum infeliciorem à facienda observatione prohiberer, ipsus mei loco scopum, ac finem Expeditionis hujus consequeretur; quibus naturæ, et scientiæ donis quum R. Patrem Joannem Sajnovics id temporis de Societate JESV virum clarissimum, meumque olim per binos annos in Specula Cæsareo-Regia Universitatis Vindobonensis socium charissimum, atque hoc ipso anno 1767 Adjunctum Astronomi Tyrnaviensis cel. Patris Weiss, præditum esse scirem, litteris ad eum datis, animum, mentemque suscipiendæ mecum Expeditionis hujus litterariæ rogabam, qui nihil hæsitans, si per superiores steterit, promptissimo animo socium se meum acturum spopondit. Alterum erat, ut speculæ Cæsareo-Regiæ Universitatis de exercitato Astronomo mei sub tempus Expeditionis vices gerente providerem, qui unà, si in itinere hoc versans casu infelici vita fungerer, officium Astronomi Cæsareo-Regij sustinere posset; at nihil hac in parte deliberandum erat; quem enim alium Augustissimæ nostræ Jmperatrici mei loco proponere poteram, quam R. Patrem Antonium Pilgram id temporis quoque de societate JESV virum in Astronomia utraque exercitatissimum, per annos ipsos septem socium meum mihi admodum charum dilectumque, et speculæ Cæsareo-Regiæ per id ipsum tempus incolam, atque per labores suos tum Ephemeridum nostrarum communi studio calculatarum, tum Causa observationum in hoc Cæsareo-Regio observatorio ab ipso factarum, et typis per Ephemerides nostras datarum per orbem astro- 1-28 AB 1 ipso B omittit A | quem eum volebam in margine A omittit B 2 et de societate JESV esset in margine B omittit A 3 atque A et B 4 fortissimus B supra linea (voce magnanimus in margine addita) A | unà B omittit A 5 infirmiorem B infirmam A 8-13 quibus ... donis ... quum R. Patrem ... Sajnovics (etc. accusativo casu) ... præditum esse scirem B quæ dona ... quum in R. Patre ... Sajonovis [sic] (etc. ablativo casu) ... haberi scirem A 9 clarissimum B omittit A 10 Universitatis Vindobonensis B omittit A 11-12 Tyrnaviensis B Tyrnavienensis A 12 Patris B omittit A 13 mentemque Suscipiendæ B mentemque illius suscipiendæ A 13-14 hujus litterariæ A omittit B 14 si ... steterit B si ... licuerit A 15-16 spopondit. // Alterum erat sic distinxi; spopondit. -- Alterum erat BA 17 sub tempus Expeditionis B omittit A 18 unà supra linea B omittit A | casu infelici A casu infelice B 19-20 at nihil hac in parte deliberandum erat B nulla hac in parte deliberatio mihi facienda erat A 21 Jmperatrici B omittit A 24 charum dilectumque B dilectum A 25 per id ipsum tempus B omittit A 26 Causa B omittit A 27 hoc B omittit A | ab ipso B omittit A 28 et typis per Ephemerides nostras datarum B omittit A - 414 -
I should choose; this needed to be someone whose personality fitted my own, he needed to be a member of the Society of Jesus, 1 be of strong bodily constitution and be daring and unrelenting when faced with hardships and danger. At the same time, he needed to be so well versed in both branches of astronomy 2 that, if I should happen to be prevented from making the observation myself due to failing health or some even worse stroke of bad luck, he would be capable of accomplishing the aim of this expedition all by himself. I knew that these gifts of nature and erudition were characteristics of Honourable Father Joannes Sajnovics, at that time a famous member of the Society of JESUS 3 and formerly a cherished assistant at my Imperial and Royal Observatory at the University of Vienna, but in that very year — 1767 — an adjunct of the Tyrnavian astronomer, famous Father Weiss. Accordingly, I asked him by way of a letter what he thought of the idea of undertaking this scientific expedition along with me. He answered without any reluctance whatsoever that he was more than willing to be my travel companion, providing that his superiors would permit this. My second task was to make sure that an experienced astronomer was in place as a substitute of mine at the Imperial and Royal Observatory of the University, someone capable of filling the role of an Imperial and Royal Astronomer in case something should befall me and bereave me of my life during my journey. In this respect there was no need for deliberation, for I could not possibly propose to our Highness the Empress anyone else as a substitute than Honourable Father Antonius Pilgram. He too a member of the Society of JESUS at the time, Pilgram was well versed in both branches of astronomy. He was for seven years my cherished and beloved assistant at the Imperial and Royal Observatory, where he lived during that same period. Thanks to his contributions in the mutual task of calculating our Ephemerides 4 and as a result of the observations he had made in this Imperial and Royal Observatory and shared with the community of astronomers through our printed Ephemerides, 1. “he needed to be a member of the Society of Jesus” is found only in a marginal addition to B. 2. “Both branches of astronomy” refers to practical and theoretical astronomy. 3. “at that time [...] of the Society of Jesus” (id temporis de Societate JESV) is here found in both A and B, indicating that this part of A has been written after the suppression of the Society of Jesus. 4. “our Ephemerides”: The Ephemerides Astronomicae ad Meridianum Vindobonensem. - 415 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
Page 373 and 374: SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
Page 375 and 376: The price cannot yet be established
Page 377 and 378: OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
Page 379 and 380: Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
Page 381 and 382: Chapter VII. On the transportation
Page 383 and 384: VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
Page 385 and 386: PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
Page 387 and 388: PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
Page 389 and 390: VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
Page 391 and 392: PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
Page 393 and 394: III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
Page 395 and 396: Part One A diary of the entire Scie
Page 397 and 398: Accordingly, the minds of astronome
Page 399 and 400: extremes in the duration — in oth
Page 401 and 402: For he 1 had been made to understan
Page 403 and 404: famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
Page 405 and 406: aware that the sites of observation
Page 407 and 408: 1769 (a.). However, among the highl
Page 409 and 410: the transit would be located in the
Page 411 and 412: Dixon were chosen for this mission
Page 413 and 414: and astronomers recounted so far, d
Page 415 and 416: For as it later emerged, the Divine
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 427 and 428: he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480:
Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482:
Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496:
Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500:
Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502:
ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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