Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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Gillispie, Charles Coulston 1970-1981: Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 16 vols, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Glaβner, Gottfried & Christine Preiner 2009: “‘…Physica autem sine omni experimento sicca sit et sterilis’: Warum im Jahr 1771 trotz guter Argumente der Plan, in Melk eine Sternwarte zu errichten, nicht zur Ausführung kam”, in Gottfried Glaβner (ed.), “ … und das Firmament kündet vom Werk Seiner Hände” (Ps. 19,2): Faszination Astronomie – eine Spurensuche in der Melker Stiftsbibliothek, Thesaurus Mellicensis I, Melk: Stift Melk, pp. 123-131. Graesse, J. G. Th. 1909: Orbis Latinus: oder Verzeichnis der wichtigsten lateinischen Orts- und Ländernamen, 2 nd edn. by Friedrich Benedict, Breslau. Grafton, Anthony 2009: Worlds Made by Words: Scholarship and Community in the Modern West, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Grau, Conrad, Sergueï Karp & Jürgen Voss (eds.) 1997: Deutsch-Russische Beziehungen im 18. Jahrhundert: Kultur, Wissenschaft und Diplomatie (with Russian summaries), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Grillo, Alessandra In press: Au pays des vendeurs de vent. Voyages et voyageurs en Laponie et Finlande du XVe au XIXe siècle, Collection Imago Mundi dirigée par François Moureau, Paris: Presses Universitaires de Paris Sorbonne. Haberzettl, Hermann 1973: Die Stellung der Exjesuiten in Politik und Kulturleben Österreichs zu Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, Dissertationen der Universität Wien 94, Vienna: Verband der wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften Österreichs. Hádobas, Sándor 1996: Hell Miksa és Sajnovics János bibliográfiája, A bevezető tanulmányt írta: Bartha Lajos, Szakmailag ellenőrizte: Dr. Szíj Enikő [és] Bartha Lajos, Rudabánya. 2006: Bibliography of Maximilian Hell and János Sajnovics / Hell Miksa és Sajnovics János bibliográfiája, Compiled by / Összeállította: Hadobás Sándor, Rudabánya (CDrom). 2008: Hell Miksa és Sajnovics János bibliográfiája, A bevezető tanulmányt írta: Bartha Lajos, A bibliográfiát lektorálta: Dr. Szíj Enikő […], Bartha Lajos tudománytörténész, Rudabánya: Érc- és Ásványbányászati Múzeum Alapítvány http://mek.oszk.hu/06200/06237/06237.pdf Hagen, Johann Georg 1917: “Karl Littrow als Geschichtsforscher”, Stimmen der Zeit vol. 93, pp. 108-114. Hagen, Rune Blix 2008: “Vardøhus som sentrum for dansknorsk statsmakt i nord 1550-1738”, in Balsvik & Nielsen (eds.), pp. 45-60. Hamel, Jürgen, Isolde Müller & Thomas Posch (eds.), 2010: Die Geschichte der Universitätssternwarte Wien. Dargestellt anhand ihrer historischen Instrumente und eines Typoskripts von Johann Steinmayr, Acta Historica Astronomiae Vol. 38, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Harri Deutsch. Hansen, Truls Lynne & Per Pippin Aspaas 2005: Maximilian Hell’s geomagnetic observations in Norway 1769. Tromsø Geophysical Observatory Reports No. 2. Tromsø: University of Tromsø. (Also retrievable online at: http://munin.uit.no/munin/handle/10037/2392) - 470 -
Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indledning”, in Niebuhr 2003, pp. 9-32. Harbsmeier, Michael & Morten Petersen 2005: “Introduktion”, in Hviid 2005, pp. 9-16. Harris, Steven J. 1993: “Boscovich, the ‘Boscovich Circle’ and the Revival of the Jesuit Science”, in Bursill-Hall (ed.), pp. 527-548. 1996: “Confession-Building, Long-Distance Networks, and the Organization of Jesuit Science”, Early Science and Medicine vol. 1, pp. 287-318. 1999: “Mapping Jesuit Science: The Role of Travel in the Geography of Knowledge”, in O’Malley et al. (eds.), pp. 212-240. 2005: “Jesuit Scientific Activity in the Overseas Missions, 1540-1773”, ISIS vol. 96, pp. 71-79. Heilbron, J. L. 1979: Electricity in the 17 th and 18 th centuries: A Study in Early Modern Physics, New York: Dover. 1989: “Science in the Church”, Science in Context vol. 3, pp. 9-28. Helander, Hans 2001: (with comments by J. H. Gaisser, Y. Haskell, H. Hofmann, G. Huber-Rebenich, M. Skafte Jensen, C. Kallendorf, W. Ludwig, A. Moss, K. Skovgaard-Petersen & F. Tateo) “Neo-Latin Studies: Significance and Prospects”, Symbolae Osloenses vol. 76, pp. 5-102. 2004: Neo-Latin Literature in Sweden in the Period 1620-1720: Stylistics, Vocabulary and Characteristic Ideas, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Latina Upsaliensia 29, Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. Hellyer, Marcus 1999: “Jesuit Physics in Eighteenth-Century Germany: Some Important Continuities”, in O’Malley et al. (eds.), pp. 538-554. 2005: Catholic Physics: Jesuit Natural Philosophy in Early Modern Germany, Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. Henriksen, Carol 2011: “Sprogpatrioternes vej til videnskab: Om de danske sprogvidenskabelige dilettanter fra begyndelsen af 1700-tallet”, in Federhofer & Hodacs (eds.), pp. 155-173. Henze, Dietmar 1968: “Carsten Niebuhr und sein Beitrag zur Erforschung des Orients”, in Niebuhr 1968, vol. I, pp. iii-xxii. Herrmann, Dieter B. 1984: The History of Astronomy from Herschel to Hertzsprung, 3 rd edn., translated and revised by Kevin Krisciunas (1 st German edn. 1975), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hill, Elizabeth 1961: “Roger Boscovich: a biographical essay”, in Whyte (ed.), pp. 16-101. Hockey, Thomas (main editor) 2007: Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, 2 vols., New York: Springer. Hodacs, Hanna 2011: “Att utbilda en ‘älskare’ – naturalhistorisk skolning i Linnés anda”, in Federhofer & Hodacs (eds.), pp. 61-90. - 471 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478: Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479: Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 483 and 484: Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486: Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488: Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490: Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492: 2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494: Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496: Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498: Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500: Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502: ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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