Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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2011: “Die alte Jesuiten-Sternwarte in Graz”, herausgegeben und kommentiert von Isolde Müller und Thomas Posch, in Wolfgang R. Dick, Hilmar W. Duerbeck & Jürgen Hamel (eds.), Beiträge zur Astronomiegeschichte Band 11, Acta Historica Astronomiae vol. 43, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Harri Deutsch, pp. 232–260. Stuber, Martin 2005: “Brief und Mobilität bei Albrecht von Haller: Zur Geographie einer europäischen Gelehrtenkorrespondenz”, in Burkhardt & Werkstetter (eds.), pp. 313-334. Szenkovits, Ferenc 2006: “A Kolozsvári egyetemi csillagda történetéből”, in Petrovay (ed.), pp. 103-128. Suhling, Lothar 2006: “Von der Alten zur Neuen Welt und zurück. Meilensteine der Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Europäischen Amalgamation nach Ignaz von Born im Überblick”, in Günter Bayerl, Torsten Meyer & Marcus Popplow (eds.), Technik, Arbeit und Umwelt in der Geschichte. Günter Bayerl zum 60. Geburtstag, Münster: Waxmann Verlag, pp. 77-94. Sühring, Hartmut 1979: “Die Entwicklung der niedersächsischen Kalender im 17. Jahrhundert”, Archiv für die Geschichte des ganzen Buchwesens vol. XX, pp. 329-794. Sutton, Dana F. 2007: Review of Schnur et al. 2006, Bryn Mawr Classical Review No. 2007.09.16. Sørensen, Øystein 2007: Den store sammensvergelsen: Historien om det hemmelige selskapet Illuminatus og dets mange ugjerninger, Oslo: Aschehoug. Sörlin, Sverker 1993: “National and International Aspects of Cross-Boundary Science: Scientific Travel in the 18 th Century”, in Elisabeth Crawford, Terry Shinn & Sverker Sörlin (eds.), Denationalizing Science: The Contexts of International Scientific Practice, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook XVI (1992), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 43-72. Szilas, László 1972: “Quellen der ungarischen Kirchengeschichte aus ehemaligen Jesuitenarchiven”, Ungarn-Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für die Kunde Ungarns und verwandte Gebiete vol. 4, pp. 172-189. Szíj, Enikö 1994: “A Demonstratio helye a két jezsuita tudós kutatási”, in Sajnovics 1994, pp. 138-147. Terrall, Mary 1992: “Representing the Earth’s Shape: The Polemics Surrounding Maupertuis’s Expedition to Lapland”, ISIS vol. 83, pp. 218-237. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae 1900-: editus auctoritate et consilio academiarum quinque Germanicarum: Berolinensis, Gottingensis, Lipsiensis, Monacensis, Vindobonensis [...], Lipsiae : Teubner / Beroloni : de Gruyter. Thorvaldsen, Steinar 2004: “Observasjoner av Venus på solskiva”, Naturen: Populærvitenskapelig Tidsskrift (Oslo) vol. 128, nr. 5/2004, pp. 266-275. Thykier, Claus, Kjeld Gyldenkerne & Per Barner Darnell 1990: Dansk Astronomi Gennem Firehundrede År, 3 volumes, Copenhagen: Rhodos. - 486 -
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o organizovanie vedeckého života v Habsburgskej Riši a na Slovensku v 18. storočí / Versuche zur Organisierung des wissenschaftlichen Lebens im Habsburgerreich und in der Slovakei im 18. Jahrhundert”, in Novák (ed.), pp. 3- 25. 1977: “Miesto cisársko-kráľovského astronóma Maximiliána <strong>Hell</strong>a v učenom svete”, in Littrow 1977, pp. 9-29. Tjelmeland, Hallvard 1995: Nordnorsk posthistorie 1665-1850: Med posten inn i ei moderne tid, [Oslo]: Postmuseet. Tjelmeland, Hallvard, Miriam Tveit & Steinar Aas (eds.) 2009: Korleis feire ein nasjonalstat i ei globalisert verd? Rapport frå Norske historiedagar 2008, Tromsø 19.-22. juni 2008, Speculum Boreale nr. 10, Tromsø: Universitetet i Tromsø. Tobé, Erik 1991: Anders <strong>Hell</strong>ant: En krönika om sjuttonhundratalets märkligaste Tornedaling, Tornedalica no. 49, [Luleå:] Tornedalica. Tolomeo, Rita (ed.) 1992: Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich: Lettere per una storia della scienza (1763-1786), Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL: Scritti e documenti IX, Documenti Boscovichiani III. Rome: Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL. Tóth, István György 2000: Literacy and Written Culture in Early Modern Central Europe, Budapest: Central European University Press. 2003: “Les analphabètes et les almanachs en Hongrie au XVIII e siècle”, in Hans- Jürgen Lüsebrink, York-Gothart Mix, Jean-Yves Mollier et Patricia Sorel (eds.), Les lectures du peuple en Europe et dans les Amériques du XVIIe au XXe siècle, pp. 127-133, Bruxelles: Editions Complexe. Töchterle, Karlheinz 2004: “Probleme neulateinischer Editionstechnik im Spannungsfeld aktueller Anforderungen und traditioneller Textkritik”, editio: Internationales Jahrbuch für Editionswissenschaft vol. 18, pp. 28-37. Tüskés, Gábor 2010: “Deutsch-ungarische Kontakte auf dem Gebiet der Historia litteraria in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts”, Das Achtzehnte Jahrhundert: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für die Erforschung des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts vol. 34, pp. 65-81. Udías, Agustín 2003: Searching the Heavens and the Earth: the History of Jesuit Observatories, Astrophysics and Space science library vol. 286, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 2005: “Los libros y manuscritos de los profesores de matematicas del Colegio Imperial de Madrid, 1627-1767”, Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu vol. 74, pp. 369-448. Ullmaier, Hans 2005: Puncta, particulae et phaenomena: Der dalmatinische Gelehrte Roger Joseph Boscovich und seine Naturphilosophie, TROLL: Tromsøer Studien zur Kulturwissenschaft Band 2, edited by Michael Schmidt, Hannover-Laatzen: Wehrhahn Verlag. - 487 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 451 and 452: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 2
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478: Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480: Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482: Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484: Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486: Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488: Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490: Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492: 2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494: Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495: Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 499 and 500: Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502: ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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