Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Transits of Venus and the Role of Maximilianus Hell Nordic and Central-European Contexts II.1 The 1761 Transit of Venus and the Role of Father Hell.............……………………... 184 II.1.1 The Phenomenon and its Place in Contemporary Astronomy…...………………..... 186 II.1.2 The 1761 Transit of Venus………………………………………………………..... 194 II.1.3 Father Hell as a ‘Networker’, Anno 1761……………………………………….… . 203 II.1.4 Father Hell on Lessons to be Drawn from the 1761 Transit…………………….…. 207 II.1.5 Assessment of Father Hell’s Role in 1761………...............................................…... 211 II.2 The Nordic Regions and the Transits of Venus, 1761 and 1769…………………….... 219 II.2.1 The Role of Sweden in the Venus Transit Projects, 1761 and 1769……………...... 224 II.2.2 The Role of Russia in the Venus Transit Projects, 1761 and 1769……………...…. 228 II.2.3 The Role of Denmark in the Venus Transit Project of 1761……………………..... 237 II.2.4 The Role of Denmark in the Venus Transit Project of 1769, with a Glance at British Activities in the Same Year……………………………………………........ 245 II.2.4.1 The Outcome of Efforts to Observe the Venus Transit from Danish-Norwegian Soil in 1769……………………………………………………………………...… 255 II.2.5 Assessment of Venus Transit Activities in the Nordic Regions………………...…. 269 II.3 The Role of Father Hell in the Venus Transit Project of 1769………………………. 279 II.3.1 Two Rejected Invitations and One Accepted…………………………………….... 281 II.3.2 Father Hell’s Determination of the Coordinates of His Observatory and Observation of the Venus Transit in Vardø………………………………………... 292 II.3.3 The Publication of the Vardø Report, Unduly Late? …………............................… 304 II.3.3.1 Contemporaneous Reactions to the Late Arrival of Hell’s Report……………....... 310 II.3.4 The Controversy over the Solar Parallax, 1770-1775……………………………..... 317 II.3.5 The Nachleben of Hell’s Vardø Observations……………………………………... 331 II.3.6 Assessment of Father Hell’s Role in the Venus Transit Project of 1769…………... 336
PART III Editions of Primary Sources I.1 Maximilianus Hell’s Call for Subscriptions to the Expeditio litteraria ad Polum arcticum and His Unfinished Introduction to that Work………………………........ 344 III.1.1 Editing, Translating and Commenting Neo-Latin Texts............................................ 347 III.1.2 The Editing of the Call for Subscriptions................................................................... 352 III.1.3 The Editing of the Unfinished Introduction............................................................... 357 III.2 The Call for Subscriptions to the Expeditio litteraria ad Polum arcticum (Maximiliani Hell è S. J., Invitatio ad subscribentes operis Expeditionis litterariae ad Polum arcticum ex textibus impressis et manuscriptis autographis edita, apparatu critico, versione et notis Anglicis instructa / Maximilianus Hell of the Society of Jesus, Invitation to subscribers for the work Scientific Expedition by the North Pole, edited from printed texts and autograph manuscripts and furnished with a critical apparatus, translation and commentary in English)............. 361 III.3 The Unfinished Introduction to the Expeditio litteraria ad Polum arcticum (Maximiliani Hell è S. J., Introductio in Expeditionem litterariam ad Polum arcticum ex manuscriptis autographis edita, apparatu critico Latino, versione et notis Anglicis instructa / Maximilianus Hell of the Society of Jesus, Intro- duction to the Scientific Expedition by the North Pole, edited from autograph manuscripts and furnished with a critical apparatus in Latin and translation and commentary in English).............................................................................................. 383 Summary and References Summary…………………………………………………………………………………….. 420 Unprinted Sources and Literature………………………………………………….....… 424 Unprinted Sources and Literature, 1a: Letters Written by Hell………………….... 427 Unprinted Sources and Literature, 1b: Letters Written to Hell…………………..... 433 Unprinted Sources and Literature, 1c: Manuscripts, Reports and Other Documents Written by, or at least Signed by Hell…………………………............. 436 Unprinted Sources and Literature, 2a: Letters Written by Sajnovics……………..... 441 Unprinted Sources and Literature, 2b: Manuscripts, Reports and Other Documents Written by, or at least Signed by Sajnovics………………………........ 442 Printed Sources and Literature, Part 1 – Before 1800……………………………... 444 Printed Sources and Literature, Part 2 – After 1800………………………………. 460
Page 3: Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
Page 8 and 9: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
Page 11 and 12: Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
Page 13 and 14: themes with concluding remarks at t
Page 15 and 16: to take the modern borders as their
Page 17 and 18: A final ambition of this study is m
Page 19 and 20: Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
Page 21 and 22: much more cursory, at times even do
Page 23 and 24: called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
Page 25 and 26: Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
Page 27 and 28: deliver adjustments of the current
Page 29 and 30: Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
Page 31 and 32: Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
Page 33 and 34: his entire printed œuvre in additi
Page 35 and 36: this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
Page 37 and 38: More recent, source-based contribut
Page 39 and 40: Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
Page 41 and 42: comparative perspective is a means
Page 43 and 44: McClellan maintains that the widesp
Page 45 and 46: discoveries, the Protestant movemen
Page 47 and 48: under the name Novi Commentarii) un
Page 49 and 50: works or not are equally problemati
Page 51 and 52: The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
Page 53 and 54: Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
Page 55 and 56: I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
Page 289 and 290:
II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
Page 331 and 332:
the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
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Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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Page 453 and 454:
MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
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Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
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2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
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Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
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Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
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Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
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Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
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Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
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Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
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Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
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Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
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2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
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Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500:
Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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