Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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Rabbie, Edwin 1996: “Editing Neo-Latin Texts”, Editio: Internationales Jahrbuch für Editionswissenschaft vol. 10, pp. 25-48. Rabenalt, Ansgar 1986: “Astronomische Forschung im 18. Jahrhundert in Kremsmünster. Zu den ersten Berechnungen der Bahn des Uranus nach dem Briefwechsel zwichen Flacidus Fixlmillner O.S.B. und Maximilian Hell S.J. (1771-1790)”, Mitteilungen des Oberösterreichischen Landesarchivs Band 15, pp. 93-216. Ramminger, Johann 2006: “The orthography of machine-readable Neolatin texts: a plaidoyer for minimal intervention” (preprint dated 5 October 2006), http://www.lrz.de/~ramminger/orthography/neolatin_orthography.pdf (accessed 12 September 2011). Rasmussen, Stig T. (ed.) [1990]: Den Arabiske Rejse 1761-1767: En dansk ekspedition set i videnskabshistorisk perspektiv, [Copenhagen:] Munksgaard. Ratcliff, Jessica 2008: The Transit of Venus Enterprise in Victorian Britain, Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century Number 3, London: Pickering & Chatto. Rem, Tore 2005: “Mesenat, marked og litteratur”, Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift vol. 22, pp. 115-126. Réthly, A. & Z. Berkes 1963: Nordlichtbeobachtungen in Ungarn (1523-1960), übersetzt von L. Aujeszky, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Robertson, Ritchie 2009: “Curiosity in the Austrian Enlightenment”, Oxford German Studies vol. 38, pp. 129-142. Robin, Nicolas 2007: “Amateure der Botanik und Botanik für Amateure. Bilder der botanischen Tätigkeiten in Weimar-Jena”, in Blechschmidt & Heinz (eds.), pp. 353-368. Roggen, Vibeke 2002: Intellectual Play – Word and Picture: A study of Nils Thomassøn’s Latin Rebus Book Cestus Sapphicus. With edition, translation and a corpus of sources, vol. I, Acta Humaniora nr. 98, Oslo: University of Oslo. Romano, Antonella 2000: “Entre Collèges et Académies: Esquisse de la place des Jésuites dans les réseaux européens de la production scientifique (XVII e -XVIII e siècle)”, in Hurel & Laudin (eds.), pp. 387-407. 2005: “Les Jésuites entre apostolat missionaire et activité scientifique (XVI e -XVIII e siècles)”, Archivum historicum Societatis Iesu vol. 74, pp. 213-236. Ruiu, Adina 2007: Les récits de voyage aux pais froids au XVII e siècle: De l’expérience du voyageur à l’expérimentation scientifique, Montréal: Université du Quebec à Montreal. Ryymin, Teemu & Per Pippin Aspaas 2009a: “Kvenbegrepet hos Henrik Gabriel Porthan”, Arina : Nordisk tidskrift for kvensk forskning / Pohjoismainen kveenitutkimuksen aikakausjulkaisu vol. 7, pp. 45-72. 2009b: “Henrik Gabriel Porthanin kveeni-käsite”, Arina vol. 7, pp. 15-44. [Finnish translation of the above article] - 482 -
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johann, János) 1968: Demonstratio Idioma Ungarorum et Lapponum idem esse, [facsimile edition of Sajnovics (1771)] with an introduction by Thomas A. Sebeok, Indiana University Publications: Uralic and Altaic Series vol. 91, The Hague: Indiana University, Bloomington. 1972: Beweis, daß die Sprache der Ungarn und Lappen dieselbe ist (Aus dem Lateinischen übertragen von Monika Ehlers), mit Anmerkungen und Nachwort herausgegeben von Gyula Décsy und Wolfgang Veenker, Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica vol. 5, Wiesbaden: In Kommission bei Otto Harrassowitz. 1990: Naplója 1768-1769-1770. A Bécsben őrsött latin nyelvű eredetiből fordította Deák András. Függelékként 1. Sajnovics János 11 úti levele. Magyarul közzétette Herman Ottó (1893). 2. Bollik Zsolt: Csillagászok nyomában. A Hell- Sajnovics emlékexpedíció-1989 […] Az előszót írta, a jegyzeteket, a jegyzékeket összeállította, szerkesztette Szíj Enikő, Bibliotheca Regulyana vol. I, Bupadest: ELTE Finnugor Nyelvtudományi Tanszék. 1993: Sajnovics János Idea Astronomia. A csillagászat alapvető ismertetése. Fordította: id. Nagy Rezső. Konzultáns: Nagy Rezső. Lektorálta: Hudoba György [facsimile edition of Idea Astronomiæ. Honoribus Regiæ Universitatis Budensis dicata. A Joa. Nep. Sajnovics, AA. LL. & Philosophiæ Doctore; SS. Theologiæ Baccalaureo; Regiarum Societatum Scientiarum, quæ Hafniæ, & Nidrosiæ florent, Membro; Astronomi Regii Universitatis Budensis p.t. Adjuncto, Budæ: Typis Catharinæ Landerer Viduæ (1778, 86 pp.), with introduction and translation in Hungarian], Székesfehérvár. 1994: Demonstratio Sajnovics János […] Bizonyítása a magyar és a lapp nyelv azonos […], a Nagyszombati kiadást latinból magyarra fordította Constantinovitsné Vladár Zsuzsa, szerkesztette Szíj Enikő, Bibliotheca Regulyana vol. II, Bupadest: ELTE Finnugor Nyelvtudományi Tanszék. Sammallahti, Pekka 1996: “History of Finno-Ugric Linguistics in the Nordic Countries”, in Carol Henriksen, Even Hovdhaugen, Fred Karlsson & Bengt Sigurd (eds.), Studies in the Development of Linguistics in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, Oslo: Novus Forlag, pp. 297-323. Sarton, George 1944: “Vindication of Father Hell”, ISIS vol. 35, pp. 97-105. Schaefer, Bradley E. 2001: “The transit of Venus and the notorious black drop effect”, Journal for the History of Astronomy vol. 32, part 4, no. 109, pp. 325-336. Schaffer, Simon 2010: “The astrological roots of mesmerism”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences vol. 41, pp. 158-168. Schlafly Jr., Daniel L. 2006: “The Post-Suppression Society of Jesus in the United States and Russia: Two Unlikely Settings”, in O’Malley et al. (eds.), pp. 772-783. Schmidt, Michael 2005: “Zwischen Dilettantismus und Trivialisierung: Experiment, Experimentmetapher und Experimentalwissenschaft im 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert”, in Marie- Theres Federhofer (ed.), Experiment und Experimentieren im 18. Jahrhundert, Cardanus: Jahrbuch für Wissenschaftsgeschichte vol. 5, Heidelberg: Palatina Verlag, pp. 63-87. - 483 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
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they decided to suggest to, and ind
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sited by the Arctic sea, to become
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As I rolled over in my mind these a
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to Her Highness the Empress, asking
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I should choose; this needed to be
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he was already a famous and well kn
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SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
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eceived increasing support in Centr
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items published before the year 180
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econstruct lost parts of their corr
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
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Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 443 and 444: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 451 and 452: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 2
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478: Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480: Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482: Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484: Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486: Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488: Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490: Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491: 2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 495 and 496: Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498: Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500: Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502: ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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