Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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Gadolin, Jacob 1769: “Observationer på Veneris Inträde i Solen, d. 3 Jun. 1769, anstälde vid Åbo”, Handl.Stockh. vol. 31, pp. 173-175. CVH Gassendi, Pierre 1658: Petri Gassendi Diniensis Ecclesiæ Præpositi, et in Academia Parisiensi Matheseos Regii Professoris ASTRONOMICA, uidelicet I. Institutio Astronomica cum Oratione Inaugurali. II. Obseruationes Cælestes. III. Mercurius in Sole visus & Venus inuisa. IV. Nouem Stellæ circa Iouem visæ. V. Solstitialis altitudo Massiliensis. TOMVS QVARTVS. cum indicibus necessariis, Lygduni: Sumptibus Laurentii Anisson & Ioannis Baptistæ Devenet. 536 pp. Gallica Ghelen, Jacques Antoine noble de [1770]: Monsieur! […] Vienne, le 4. Avril 1771 (printed letter apparently meant to accompany copies of Hell 1770a1 & 1770a2), [no place: no publisher]. 1 p. Inst. Astr. Wien Gissler, Nils 1769: “Veneris Inträde på Solen, den 3 Jun. 1769, observeradt i Hernosand”, Handl.Stock. vol. 31, pp. 225-226. BIBSYS Göttingische Anzeigen von Gelehrten Sachen unter der Aufsicht der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Göttingen. Göttinger DigZentrum Gregory, James 1663: Optica Promota, Seu Abdita radiorum reflexorum & refractorum Mysteria, Geometrice Enucleata; Cui subnectitur Appendix, Subtilissimorum Astronomiæ Problematωn resolutionem exhibens. Authore Jacobo Gregorio […], Londini: Excudebat J. Hayes, pro S. Thomson. 134 pp. Gallica Grischow, A. N. 1761: “Investigatio Parallaxeos Lunae, observationibus aliquot 1752 et in Promontorio bonae spei ex compacto habitis, innixa”, Nov.Comm. ad Annum MDCCLVI. et MDCCLVII, vol. VI, pp. 412-444. BIBSYS Halley, Edmund 1717: “Methodus singularis quâ Solis Parallaxis sive distantia à Terra, ope Veneris intra Solem conspiciendæ, tuto determinari poterit: proposita coram Regia Societate”, Phil.Tr. For the Years 1714, 1715, 1716, vol. XXIX, Number 348, pp. 454-464. JSTOR Heinsius, Gottfried 1761: “De Refractionibus in Oris Septentrionalibus”, Nov.Comm. pro Annis MDCCLVIII. et MDCCLIX., vol. VII, pp. 412-444. BIBSYS Hell, Maximilianus (Maximilian) [1760]a: Transitus Veneris per discum Solis Anni 1761. Die Astronom. 5. Junii calculis definitus et methodis observandi illustratus, Vindobonae: Typis et sumtibus Joannis Thomae Trattner. 20 pp. Les rendez-vous de Vénus CD 1760b: Adjumentum Memoriæ Manuale, seu Tabulæ succinctæ historico-chronologicogenealogicæ, editio quarta, emendatior et auctior, Ingolstadii: Typis Mariæ Ann. Schleigin, Typogr. Academ. Viduæ. 283 pp. Google Books [1761]a: “Observatio Transitus Veneris ante discum Solis die 5 ta Junii 1761. Una cum observationibus satellitum Jovis, in Observatorio Caes. Reg. Publ. Universitatis habitis. Adjectis Observationibus ejusdem Transitus Veneris factis à variis per Europam Viris in observando exercitatis, cum Appendice aliarum nonnullarum Observationum”, Eph.Astr. Anni 1762, 123 pp. Inst. Astr. Wien - 448 -
1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numericæ, et Literalis seu Algebræ ad præfixam in scholis nostris normam concinnata, editio tertia, Vienna: Typis et sumptibus Joannis Thomæ Trattner. 230+51 pp. Google Books 1762: Anleitung zum Nutzlichen Gebrauch der künstlichen Stahl-Magneten, Vienna: gedruckt mit von Ghelischen Schriften. [ii]+50 pp. Inst. Astr. Wien [1763]: “Observationes Astronomicæ anni 1761. & 1762. Viennæ, et aliis locis factæ”, Eph.Astr. Anni Bissexti 1764, pp. 208-225. Inst. Astr. Wien [1764]a: “De Differentia Meridianorum inter Observatorium Regium Parisinum, & Cæsareo-Regium Universitatis Vindobonensis”, Eph.Astr. Anni 1765, pp. 228- 254. Google Books [1764]b: “Observationes Astronomicæ Anni 1763, et 1764. Viennæ et aliis locis factæ”, Eph.Astr. Anni 1765, pp. 308-364. Inst. Astr. Wien [1764]c: “Observatio Litteraria”, Eph.Astr. Anni 1765, pp. 364-368. Inst. Astr. Wien 1765a1: De Satellite Veneris, Vindobonae: Typis et sumtibus Joannis Thomae Trattner. 91 pp. KUB Nord 1765a2: “De Satellite Veneris”, Eph.Astr. Anni 1766. 91 pp. Inst. Astr. Wien 1767a: “Extrait d’une lettre du R. P. Hell Astronome Impérial & Royal à Vienne en Autriche, sur le passage de Vénus observé en 1761.”, JdS, Aoust 1767, pp. 624- 626. Stockh. UB 1767b: “Observationes Astronomicæ Anni 1766. Viennæ & aliis locis ab exercitatis Observatoribus factæ”, Eph.Astr. Anni 1768, pp. 234-281. Inst. Astr. Wien 1768: “De Satellite Veneris: Auctore Maximiliano Hell e S.I. Astronomo Caesareo- Regio Universitatis Vindobonensis”, Nova Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCCLXVIII., pp. 49-126. Gallica 1770a1: Observatio Transitus Veneris ante discum Solis die 3. Junii Anno 1769. Wardoëhusii, auspiciis potentissimi ac clementissimi Regis Daniæ et Norvegiæ, CHRISTIANI VII. facta, et Societati Regiæ Scientiarum Hafniensi prælecta à R.P. Maximiliano Hell, è S.J. Astronomo Cæsareo-Regio Universitatis Vindobonensis, Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Hafniensis, et Nidrosiensis Membro, atque Academiæ Regiæ Scientiarum Parisinæ Membro Correspondente, Hafniæ: Typis Orphanotrophii Regii, excudit Gerhard Giese Salicath. vii+82 pp. KUB NORD 1770a2: “Observatio Transitus Veneris ante discum Solis die 3. Iunii Anno 1769. Wardoëhusii, Auspiciis Potentissimi ac Clementissimi Regis Daniae et Norvegiae, Christiani VII. facta, et Societati Regiae Scientiarum Hafniensi praelecta, a R.P. MAXIMILIANO HELL, e S.I. Astronomo Caesareo-Regio Universitatis Vindobonensis, Societatis regiae Scientiarum Hafniensis, et Nidrosiensis Membro, atque Academiae regiae Scientiarum Parisinae Membro correspondente”, Nova Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCCLXX., pp. 1-102. Gallica 1770a3: “Observation over Veneris Gang forbi Soelens Skive den 3 Junii 1769. anstillet i Wardøhuus efter den Stormægtigste og Allernaadigste Konge til Dannemark og Norge &c. &c. Kong Christian den Syvendes Befalning, og forelæst det Kongelige Videnskabernes Selskab i Kiøbenhavn den 24 November 1769. af Maximilian Hell. Oversat af det Latinske i det Danske Sprog af Henrich Hövinghoff”, Skrifter Kiøb. i Aarene 1765. 1766. 1767. 1768. og 1769., vol. 10, 1770, pp. 537-618. BIBSYS 1770a4: “Observatio Transitus Veneris ante discum Solis die 3 Junii Anno 1769. Wardoëhusii facta, et Societati Reg. Scientiarum Hafniensi die 24 Novembris 1769. prælecta. Exemplari Hafniæ typis dato conformis”, Eph.Astr. Anni 1771, 96 pp. Inst. Astr. Wien - 449 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
Page 407 and 408: 1769 (a.). However, among the highl
Page 409 and 410: the transit would be located in the
Page 411 and 412: Dixon were chosen for this mission
Page 413 and 414: and astronomers recounted so far, d
Page 415 and 416: For as it later emerged, the Divine
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423 and 424: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 425 and 426: I should choose; this needed to be
Page 427 and 428: he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470: Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478: Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480: Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482: Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484: Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486: Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488: Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490: Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492: 2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494: Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496: Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498: Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500: Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502: ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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