Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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1770a2: “Beviis, at Ungarernes og Lappernes Sprog er det samme. Oversat af det Latinske ved M. R. Fleischer”, Skrifter Kiøb. i Aarene 1765. 1766. 1767. 1768. og 1769., vol. 10, 1770, pp. 653-732. BIBSYS [1771]: Demonstratio. Idioma Ungarorum et Lapponum idem esse. Regiae Scientiarum Societati Danicae praelecta, et Typis excusa Hafniae Anno MDCCLXX. Recusa, Tyrnaviae: Typis Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu. 132 pp. UBTØ Schenmark, Nils 1769: “Observationer på Veneris Immersion i Solen, d. 3 Junii, samt på Sol- Förmörkelsen d. 4 Jun. detta år, gjorda i Lund”, Handl.Stockh. vol. 31, pp. 223- 225. CVH Schefferus, Joannes 1673: LAPPONIA Id est, regionis lapponum et gentis nova et verissima descriptio. In qua multa De origine, superstitione, sacris magicis, victu, cultu, negotiis Lapponum, item Animalium, metallorumque indole, quæ in terris eorum proveniunt, hactenus incognita Produntur, & eiconibus adjectis cum cura illustrantur, Francofurti: Ex Officina Christiani Wolffii, Typis Joannis Andreæ. 378 pp. UBTØ Scherffer, Carolus 1752: Institutionum Physicæ Pars Prima, seu Physica Generalis, conscripta in usum suorum D.D. auditorum, [Viennae]: Typis Joannis Thomæ Trattner. 491 pp. ECHO 1753: Institutionum Physicæ Pars Secunda, seu Physica Particularis, conscripta in usum suorum D.D. auditorum, [Viennae]: Typis Joannis Thomæ Trattner. 557 pp. ECHO 1777: Institutiones Astronomiæ Theoreticæ, conscriptæ in usum tironum, Vindobonæ: Typis Ioannis Thomæ nob. de Trattnern. 394 pp. ECHO [Scherffer, Karl et al.] 1775: Beyträge zu verschiedenen Wissenschaften von einigen Oesterreichischen Gelehrten, Wien: verlegts Augustin Bernardi. 448 pp. Google Books Schlichtegroll, Friedrich (ed.) 1793: “Den 14. April. Maximilian <strong>Hell</strong>”, in Nekrolog auf das Jahr <strong>1792</strong>. Enthaltend Nachrichten von dem Leben merkwürdiger in diesem Jahre verstorbener Personen, Dritter Jahrgang, Erster Band, Gotha: bey Justus Perthes, pp. 282-303. Photocopy provided by Alexander Moutchnik Schlözer, August Ludwig 1771: Allgemeine Nordische Geschichte. Aus den neuesten und besten Nordischen Schriftstellern und nach eigenen Untersuchungen beschrieben, und als eine Geographische und Historische Einleitung zur richtigern Kenntniß aller Skandinavischen, Finnischen, Slavischen, Lettischen, und Sibirischen Völker, besonders in alten und mittleren Zeiten, Halle: bey Johann Justinus Sebauer. 8+636 pp. UBTØ Short, James 1763: “The Observations of the internal Contact of Venus with the Sun’s Limb, in the late Transit, made in different Places of Europe, compared with the Time of the same Contact observed at the Cape of Good Hope, and the Parallax of the Sun from thence determined […]. Read Dec. 9, 1762”, Phil.Tr. For the Year 1762, vol. LII, part II, pp. 611-628. JSTOR 1764: “Second Paper concerning the Parallax of the Sun determined from the Observations of the late Transit of Venus, in which this Subject is treated of more at length, and the Quantity of the Parallax more fully ascertained […]. Read Dec. 8, 1763”, Phil.Tr. For the Year 1763, vol. LIII, pp. 300-345. JSTOR - 458 -
Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766: “Lettre à Messieurs les auteurs du Journal des Sçavans sur les passages du Vénus, & sur l’Eclipse de Soleil arrivée en 1764 [...] À Auxerre le 24 Mai 1766”, JdS, Octobre 1766, pp. 644-657. Gallica 1770: Lettre à Messieurs les auteurs du Journal des Savans. Sur le passage de Vénus, à Bouillon: Aux dépens de la Société Typographique, 27 pp. Inst. Astr. Wien Wargentin, Pehr Wilhelm 1761a: “Observationer På Planeten Veneris gång genom Solens Discus, d. 6 Junii 1761”, Handl.Stockh. vol. 23, pp. 143-166. CVH 1761b: “Anmärkningar öfver Planeten Veneris gång genom Solens Discus”, Handl.Stockh. vol. 23, pp. 167-179. CVH 1762: “Observations on the same Transit; and on an Eclipse of the Moon, May 8, 1761; and of the Sun, on the 3d of June 1761: In a Letter to the Rev. Thomas Birch […] Read Nov. 12, 1761.”, Phil.Tr. For the Year 1762, vol. LII, part II, pp. 208- 213. JSTOR 1764a: “Beobachtungen des Durchganges der Venus durch die Sonne, den 6 Jun. 1761.”, Schwed.Abh. vol. 23, pp. 142-164. Göttinger DigZentrum 1764b: “Anmerkungen über den Durchgang der Venus durch die Sonnenscheibe”, Schwed.Abh. vol. 23, pp. 167-178. Göttinger DigZentrum 1769: “Berättelse, om de anstalter, som varit gjorde i Sverige, at observera Planeten Venus i Solen, den 3 Junii 1769, och huru de lyckats; med observationer därpå i Stockholm”, Handl.Stockh. vol. 31, pp. 146-158. CVH 1770a: “Observationer på Solens Förmörkelse, d. 4. Junii 1769, gjorda på Observatorium i Stockholm”, Handl.Stockh. vol. 32, pp. 35-41. CVH 1770b: “Observationes Transitus Veneris per Discum Solis, Die 3 Junii, 1769, habitæ in Suecia, et Societati Regiæ Londinensi communicatæ […] Communicated by […] John Ellicott […] Read Dec. 16, 1769”, Phil.Tr. For the Year 1769, vol. LIX., pp. 327-332. JSTOR 1784: “Nogle Norske Stæders Geographiske Beliggenhed, bestemt i Anledning af afg. Danske Astronoms og Professors Hr. G. Holms Observationer”, Nye Samling af det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter Første Bind, pp. 413-430. http://www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/DKNVS_skrifter Weidler, Johann Friedrich 1727: De Praesenti Specularum Astronomicarum Statu Dissertatio, Wittembergae: Apud Viduam Bergesiam. 24 pp. Mus.Hist.Sc., Oxf. Zanotti, Eustachio 1757: “Observationes astronomicae, in Bononiensi specula habitae annis 1751, 1752, ad investigandas Lunae, Martis, et Veneris parallaxes”, De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium instituto atque academia commentarii vol. IV, pp. 311- 324. Diglib Bologna [1761]: De Veneris ac Solis congressu Observatio habita in Astronomica Specula Bononiensis Scientiarum Instituti Die 5 Junii MDCCLXI, Bononiae: Typis Laelii a Vulpe Instituti Scientiarum Typographi. 12 pp. http://www.bo.astro.it/~biblio/sma/page/pubblicazione/venere_05_06_1761.html 1767: “De Veneris ac Solis congressu. Observatio habita in Astronomica Specula Bononiensis Scientiarum Instituti die 5 Junii 1761”, De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii vol. V, part I, 1767, pp. 126- 140. http://www.bo.astro.it/~biblio/sma/page/pubblicazione/venere_05_06_1761.html - 459 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
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The next question, concerning the b
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Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
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Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
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apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
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discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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ased on a sort of craving for rules
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etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
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I have designated the texts thus: L
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connoisseurs, which I am going to p
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III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
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e listed exhaustively in the appara
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III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
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SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
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The price cannot yet be established
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OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
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Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
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Chapter VII. On the transportation
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VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
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PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
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PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
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VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
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PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
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III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
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Part One A diary of the entire Scie
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Accordingly, the minds of astronome
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extremes in the duration — in oth
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For he 1 had been made to understan
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famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
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aware that the sites of observation
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1769 (a.). However, among the highl
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the transit would be located in the
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Dixon were chosen for this mission
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and astronomers recounted so far, d
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For as it later emerged, the Divine
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423 and 424: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 425 and 426: I should choose; this needed to be
Page 427 and 428: he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 453 and 454: MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456: [Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458: 1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460: 1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462: übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464: Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466: Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467: 1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 471 and 472: 2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474: Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476: Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478: Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480: Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482: Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484: Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486: Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488: Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490: Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492: 2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494: Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496: Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498: Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500: Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502: ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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