Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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5 10 15 20 25 30 Jntellexerat nempe ab Jllustrissima Scientiarum Academia oportunissimas observando huic Phœnomeni Stationes in parte maxime boreali Jmperij Russici sitas esse, quæ cum Stationibus americanis australioribus collatæ basim præberent maximam, eaque de causa definiendæ Parallaxeos Solis maximè oportunam. Jtaque eximia Augustissimæ Jmperatricis munificentia donati Academici Petropolitani, in id primum incubuêre, ut Stationes per Jmperium Russiæ assequendo huic fini quam maximè oportunas designarent, tum ut observatores exquisitis donarentur Jnstrumentis, ac denique, ut Astronomos et in observando exercitatissimos et Theoriæ peritissimos unde unde in laborum Societatem evocarent. Fuêre autem Stationes delectæ omnino octo, has inter quatuor, in quibus uterque contactus observaretur, erant Kola, Ponoj, et Ombay in Laponia Superiore Russiæ, atque Jakutsk in parte maxime orientali, et septentrionali Tartariæ sita; Quatuor aliæ in quibus egressus tantum videretur fuêre: Petropolis, Orenburg, Orsk, Guriew. Et quidem Kolam urbeculam Laponiæ Russicæ ad fluvium ejusdem nominis sitam, stationem sibi legit ipsusmet Academiæ Petropolitanæ Astronomus cel. D. Rumowskj; altera Laponiæ statio Ponoj dicta, occupata est à cel. D. Mallet Astronomo Genevensi, tertiam in Ombay fixit sedem cel. D. Pictet Genevâ item evocatus Astronomus; stationem autem Jakutsk sibi occupandam elegit claris. Jsleniew. Stationem Orenburgensem cel. Kraft, et Orskensem cel. D. Euler filius Jllustris Leonardi Euleri, ambo Academici Petropolitani, Guriewensem autem cel. D. Lowitz sedem observationum sibi delegêre, Petropoli denique egressum veneris observaturi una cum Astronomis Petropolitanis cel. Domino Lexell, cel. Eulero filio, et cel. D. Kotelnicow Professore, fuêre cel. R. D. Christianus Mayer Astronomus Principis Electoris Palatini cum Socio R. D. Stahl sumptibus 1-17 ABCD 17-18 Kolam ... sitam BCD omittit A 18-22 ABCD 22-23 stationem ... Jsleniew. A omittunt BCD 24-27 ABCD 27-29 una cum ... Lexell ... Eulero filio ... Kotelnicow Professore BCD omittit A 29-30 ABCD 2 parte maxime boreali Jmperij BCD parte Boreali amplissimi Jmperij A 5 oportunam BCD accomodam A 6 Jtaque Eximia DC2 Eximia BC1 Hac ergo A 7-8 per ... assequendo A omittunt BCD 9 tum ut A et BCD 13 uterque contactus (conctatus B) BCD contactus omnes totius transitus A 14-15 in parte maxime orientali et septentrionali Tartariæ sita BC1 et (vocem sita omittit) A (Locus in parte maxima orientali et septentrionali Tartariæ situs) C2D 17 Et quidem etc. BCD his itaque stationibus Primi ex ordine delecti fuêre Astronomi; A 18 ejusdem nominis DC2 cognominem BC1 20 occupata est à etc. BCD oblata cel. D. Mallet Astronomo Genevensi ab Jllustrissima Acad. Petrop. evocando A 21-22 tertiam ... Geneva ... Astronomus BCD Tertia quæ Ombay dicitur Astronomum habuit cel. D. Pictet Genevâ item cum Dno Mallet invitatum A 22 Jakutsk scripsi Jaktustk A 25 Euler ACD sine emphasi B | Jllustris Leonardi Euleri A omittunt BCD 26-27 sedem ... sibi delegêre BCD stationes ... designatæ erant id quod casum dativum adicit nominibus observatorum A 29-30 Astronomus Prinicipis Electoris Palatini BCD Astronomus Palatinus A - 390 -
For he 1 had been made to understand by the highly illustrious Academy of Sciences that the most convenient stations were situated in the northernmost parts of the Russian Empire. Collated with stations in the southern Americas, 2 these sites would provide observations of the largest mathematical basis, and thereby also of the highest aptitude for deducing the parallax of the Sun. Enriched by such extreme munificence from the part of Her Highness the Empress, the Saint Petersburg academians first embarked upon the task of pointing out stations thorughout the Russian Empire that would best serve their purpose in this project. Next, they began equipping their observers with precious instruments and finally, to invite from far and near astronomers well versed in both the practical task of observing and the theory of astronomy to take part in their efforts. In total, eight sites of observation were chosen. Four of these lay within the zone where both contacts were observable — Kola, Ponoi and Umba in the upper part of Russia’s Lapland, along with Iakutsk, a place in the northeasternmost part of Tartaria. The remaining four, from where only the egress would be visible, were Saint Petersburg, Orenburg, Orsk and Gur’ev. The small town Kola in Russian Lapland, situated on the banks of a river of the same name, was chosen by none other than the famous astronomer of the Saint Petersburg Academy, Mister Rumovskii, as his site observation; the second site in Lapland, by the name Ponoi, was manned by the famous Monsieur Mallet, an astronomer from Geneva; and in the third place — Umba — the famous Monsieur Pictet, likewise an astronomer called for from Geneva, settled to make his observations. The able Islen’ev, however, chose Iakutsk as his station. The famous Krafft chose Orenburg to be the site for his endeavours, whereas famous Mister Euler the younger, son of the illustrious Leonard Euler, chose Orsk. Both were members of the Saint Petersburg Academy. In Saint Petersburg itself, for observations of the egress of Venus only, were stationed the famous Honourable Mister Christianus Mayer, astronomer of the Elector Palatine, and his companion, Honourable Mister Stahl. 3 They had been sent from Mannheim in the Palatinate with funding from that greatly esteemed Prince, and were to participate in the observations along with Saint Petersburg’s astronomers 1. “For he.. [scil. Orlov]” or perhaps “For she.. [scil. the Empress]”. 2. “Southern Americas” here includes the Pacific. 3. One notices the use of R. D. (i.e. Reverendus Dominus, “Honourable Mister”) instead of R. P. (Reverendus Pater, “Honourable Father”) to characterise the Jesuit astronomer Christianus Mayer and his assistant. <strong>Hell</strong> and Sajnovics are, however, characterised as Pater, “Father” throughout the text. - 391 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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- 83 -
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
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Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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of detecting errors in Littrow’s
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trump card in his hand, for observa
Page 349 and 350: The next question, concerning the b
Page 351 and 352: Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
Page 353 and 354: Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
Page 355 and 356: apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
Page 357 and 358: discussions. 3 The main ambition of
Page 359 and 360: ased on a sort of craving for rules
Page 361 and 362: etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
Page 363 and 364: I have designated the texts thus: L
Page 365 and 366: connoisseurs, which I am going to p
Page 367 and 368: III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
Page 369 and 370: e listed exhaustively in the appara
Page 371 and 372: III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
Page 373 and 374: SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
Page 375 and 376: The price cannot yet be established
Page 377 and 378: OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
Page 379 and 380: Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
Page 381 and 382: Chapter VII. On the transportation
Page 383 and 384: VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
Page 385 and 386: PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
Page 387 and 388: PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
Page 389 and 390: VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
Page 391 and 392: PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
Page 393 and 394: III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
Page 395 and 396: Part One A diary of the entire Scie
Page 397 and 398: Accordingly, the minds of astronome
Page 399: extremes in the duration — in oth
Page 403 and 404: famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
Page 405 and 406: aware that the sites of observation
Page 407 and 408: 1769 (a.). However, among the highl
Page 409 and 410: the transit would be located in the
Page 411 and 412: Dixon were chosen for this mission
Page 413 and 414: and astronomers recounted so far, d
Page 415 and 416: For as it later emerged, the Divine
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423 and 424: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 425 and 426: I should choose; this needed to be
Page 427 and 428: he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 443 and 444: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 445 and 446: FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
Page 447 and 448: (measurements of the magnetic decli
Page 449 and 450: MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
Page 451 and 452:
UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 2
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MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
Page 455 and 456:
[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
Page 457 and 458:
1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
Page 459 and 460:
1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
Page 461 and 462:
übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
Page 463 and 464:
Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
Page 465 and 466:
Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
Page 467 and 468:
1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470:
Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472:
2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474:
Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480:
Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482:
Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496:
Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
Page 499 and 500:
Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
Page 502:
ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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