Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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5 10 15 20 25 Pars I. Ephemeris totius Expeditionis litterariæ ad Polum arcticum à P. Hell et Socio P. Sajnovics factæ. Caput I. §.I. Proponitur scopus et finis omnium Expeditionum litterariarum Anno 1769 ab Astronomis per orbem universum suscipiendarum. §.II. Recensentur Expeditiones in Russia et Suecia factæ. §.III. Expeditiones Gallicæ et Hispanicæ. §.IV. Expeditiones ab Anglis susceptæ. §.V. Expeditio litteraria Regis Daniæ per Patrem Hell et ejus Socium P. Sajnovics in Jnsulam Wardœhus suscepta, refertur apparatus itineris et discessus Viennâ 1768 die 28 Aprilis. §. I. Proponitur scopus et finis omnium Expeditionum litterariarum Anno 1769 ab Astronomis per universum orbem suscipiendarum. Tres non amplius supererant anni ad longe expectatissimum, exoptatissimumque Annum 1769, quo die 3 Junij celebre rarissimumque Phœnomenon Transitus Veneris ante discum Solis sese Astronomis spectandum, observandumque præberet. Docuerat jam olim Lumen illud Angliæ immortalis Hallejus Astronomus Regius (a.) summi fore momenti, utilitatis summæ, fructûs verò in utramque Rempublicam litterariam, et civilem omne pretium superantis isthoc Phœnomenon Transitûs, è cujus accuratis observationibus penderet quam maxime præcisa, et ab orbe condito hucusque desiderata definitio Parallaxeos Solis seu veræ Solis à Tellure Distantiæ Quantitas. (a.) Vide Transactiones Philos. N. CCCXLVIII. pag. 454. 1-17 BCD summariam exhibet b omittit (pro titulo J.N.D. [scil. Jn Nomine Dei] exhibet) A 18-29 ABCD 5-13 CD Quæ Causa Expeditionis hujus Litterariæ inter Augustissimum Regem Daniæ, Aulam Cæsareo-Regiam, et Patrem Hell 1767 Viennæ acta sunt, Expeditionis Scopus, Jtineris ad Polum arcticum (ad Polum arcticum omittit b) suscipiendi comparatio, et Discessus Viennâ 1768 die 28 Aprilis b et (cum commentario hic titulus mutandus in margine) B 15-17 CD fere eaedem voces in margine B Regum atque imperantium Principum munificentia causa observandi Transitus Veneris in itinera et Jnstrumenta virorum Astronomorum liberaliter decreta b 16 per universum orbem B per orbem universum CD 19 -mumque Annum BCD - mumque Astronomis Annum A 21 -mis spectandum BCD -mis iterum spectandum (iterum supra linea) A 22 Astronomus Regius. BCD omittit A 26 hucusque ACD usque (litteris huc erasis) B - 384 -
Part One A diary of the entire Scientific Expedition by the North Pole that was carried out by Father Hell and his companion, Father Sajnovics. Chapter One §.I. A presentation of the aims and scope of all scientific expeditions to be conducted world wide by astronomers in the year 1769. §.II. A survey of expeditions carried out in Russia and Sweden. §.III. French and Spanish expeditions. §.IV. Expeditions carried out by Englishmen. §.V. The scientific expedition of the King of Denmark, carried out by Father Hell and his companion Father Sajnovics, to the island of Vardø, including a description of the preparations for their journey and their departure from Vienna on 28 April 1768. §. I. A presentation of the aims and scope of all scientific expeditions to be conducted world wide by astronomers in the year 1769. No more than three years 1 were left until that much longed for and highly promising year 1769, during which, on the third day of June, that famous and most rare phenomenon — a transit of Venus in front of the disc of the Sun — was to offer itself to the scrutinising observation of astronomers. A long time had passed since that beacon of England, the immortal Astronomer Royal, [Edmond] Halley (a.), had explained the utmost importance, the extreme utility, and the fruitfulness exceeding every possible profit to be obtained for each of the two communities — the Republic of Letters as well as Civil Society — from accurate observations of this phenomenon, upon which the most accurate, and since the creation of the world up to this day so sorely missed, definition of the solar parallax, or: the true quantity of the Sun’s distance from the Earth, depended. (a.) See Philosophical Transactions no. 348, p. 454 [Halley 1717]. 1. Hell uses inclusive reckoning. The reference is to the year 1767. - 385 -
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and t
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PART II The Eighteenth-Century Tran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the
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Part I INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHICA
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themes with concluding remarks at t
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to take the modern borders as their
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A final ambition of this study is m
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Society of Jesus; 3) He was freed f
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much more cursory, at times even do
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called ‘German Assistancy’, tha
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Kremsmünster Observatory, Father A
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deliver adjustments of the current
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Sven Widmalm investigates the histo
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Lomonosov and Rumovskii. 33 A more
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his entire printed œuvre in additi
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this challenge Pinzger tried to mee
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More recent, source-based contribut
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Pieces for the puzzle of an overall
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comparative perspective is a means
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McClellan maintains that the widesp
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discoveries, the Protestant movemen
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under the name Novi Commentarii) un
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works or not are equally problemati
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The fate of the manuscripts of Maxi
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Saint Petersburg, Anders Planman in
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I.2 MAXIMILIANUS HELL SJ (1720-1792
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stations in his life, information f
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Hell’s journal Ephemerides Astron
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freemasonry, religious toleration a
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family, and adds that he was nation
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Jesuits professors were teaching an
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activity until the suppression of t
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onibus et problematibus aucta (‘J
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Jesuit University in Tyrnavia. 48 T
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- 63 -
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etween 1579 and 1606 was re-opened.
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from 1780). As for timing, in Janua
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the university building. In a lette
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This task, to make “daily observa
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If Hell edited the official calenda
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You spent more of Your time on obse
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demonstrate how the Roman-Catholic
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Even though electromagnetism in the
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international arena. A new importan
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Franz appears to have devoted most
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Apart from Halloy, who was born in
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attach numerous other observations
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The examples of Josephus Mayr and N
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Collegii Academici Societatis Jesu
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In terms of publicising, there seem
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the Kingdom of Hungary until the la
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Hatvani responds a few weeks later
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not flourish in Austria. On the con
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textbooks in architecture in Latin
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to Hell’s role in this context, w
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The Nordic context of Hell’s invi
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long time because of astronomical o
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Hamburg. From Hamburg, they again c
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“my observations, which I have ei
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Pole” must designate something el
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observatory in Tyrnavia the year af
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his mentor with having been so “t
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esponsible for church services in t
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civilisation. In this situation, He
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FIG. 1a - 125 -
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FIG.1b - 127 -
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FIG. 1d FIG. 1c - 129 -
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FIG 2a FIG. 2b - 131 -
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edited during these years. What cam
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Society of Sciences in the same yea
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in keeping with the pro-Hungarian
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In Hell’s letters written during
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eason as her Prussian counterpart,
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was in any case insufficient to fin
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Hviid visited Vienna from 27 Octobe
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in no small measure thanks to the c
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Catholic cities and provinces, at t
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Numerous letters from Hell to the b
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In preceding sections, it has been
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estore the studies at the universit
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When in 1775 a collection of essays
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assistants and all the sailors of t
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Maskelyne, upon repeated requests f
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around the mid-eighteenth century.
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Despite radical changes in the inst
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The catalogue of “Jesuiten-Mathem
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At the dawn of the 1770s, the Jesui
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well as Hell’s adjunctus. In Nove
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died in Quinque Ecclesiae. 387 Afte
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However limited evidence we have on
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The above-mentioned damages that ha
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when certain Slovak writers classif
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Ephemerides Astronomicae in all cou
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Part II THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TRAN
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year. For over a hundred years, his
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mechanics presented later in the sa
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A transit may last for several hour
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FIGURE 4 THE SHIFT OF VENUS‟ PATH
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FIGURE 6 DELISLE‟S METHOD Delisle
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the difference in latitude and long
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equired. In theory, the difference
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A few years after Halley wrote his
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Lalande 1764), 36 9.26″ (Audiffre
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where the senior astronomer Delisle
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Prior to the 1761 transit, Father H
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II.1.4 FATHER HELL ON LESSONS TO BE
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Veneris). The author of this rather
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ecognised as an able observer and c
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This means that the actual number o
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As to the number of individual obse
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TABLE 1 HELL 1761a COMPARED TO WOOL
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II.2 THE NORDIC REGIONS AND THE TRA
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foremost, the history of activities
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analyse the degree of success or fa
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same meridian. For this occasion, W
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than one place in this region. 22 T
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All three observers in Siberia - Ch
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prove insufficient to cover all the
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(1739-1781), covered the eastern an
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proposal of Lomonosov. The chief ar
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II.2.3 THE ROLE OF DENMARK IN THE V
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astronomer among its members and it
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Thus, Kratzenstein expected the Ara
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himself, along with Rødkier, Ahl,
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data published. Hammer‟s manuscri
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provide data of the utmost utility
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Norwegian garrison had been station
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way to Copenhagen. Even before he m
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newspaper article. It is stated, ho
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his destination with the necessary
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men, black slaves among them. 134 B
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eady on a hilltop nearby. The weath
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Kratzenstein has travelled to Trond
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enlarged 150 times. The first conta
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Arguably, these concluding lines ar
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The success was short-lived, howeve
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II.2.5 ASSESSMENT OF VENUS TRANSIT
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emained at a very high level in bot
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path of Venus, in order to mount a
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a number of inaccuracies in his sum
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TABLE 4a OFFICIAL SWEDISH REPORTS O
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II.3 THE ROLE OF FATHER HELL IN THE
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another edition to hand are advised
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In the year 1767, nothing was furth
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Neither claim is entirely correct.
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effectively withdraws the invitatio
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Lalande became one of the Venus-tra
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singled out in several recent works
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As explained in Section II.1.2 abov
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in the ordinary method, stars of no
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1769, Hell speaks of a latitude of
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Incidentally, Hell’s final conclu
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The interior contact of egress is d
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TABLE 5 THE CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS
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o’clock, as these operations came
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the Supreme Being. I for my part wi
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the official observatory of that ac
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eputation, they had another thing i
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Although the observations of Sajnov
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The review is astonishingly positiv
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moments, as well as the excellent m
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epeated calculations as the various
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the Parallax of the Sun Deduced Fro
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the frequent letters he sent to War
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calculations by Monsieur Lexell and
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The strife ended there, with parall
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TABLE 7 CHRONOLOGY OF PARALLAX CALC
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II.3.5 THE NACHLEBEN OF HELL’S VA
Page 343 and 344: Upon inspection of the ‘astronomi
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Page 347 and 348: trump card in his hand, for observa
Page 349 and 350: The next question, concerning the b
Page 351 and 352: Royale des Sciences (post-revolutio
Page 353 and 354: Part III EDITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
Page 355 and 356: apparatus or appendix). Often, as i
Page 357 and 358: discussions. 3 The main ambition of
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Page 361 and 362: etc.; and a if necessary a guide to
Page 363 and 364: I have designated the texts thus: L
Page 365 and 366: connoisseurs, which I am going to p
Page 367 and 368: III.1.3 THE EDITING OF THE UNFINISH
Page 369 and 370: e listed exhaustively in the appara
Page 371 and 372: III.2 THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
Page 373 and 374: SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION BY THE NORTH
Page 375 and 376: The price cannot yet be established
Page 377 and 378: OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE WORK 1 entitl
Page 379 and 380: Chapter IV. The activities in Copen
Page 381 and 382: Chapter VII. On the transportation
Page 383 and 384: VOLUME TWO. PHYSICAL. Volume two, p
Page 385 and 386: PART THREE OF VOLUME TWO. On the ca
Page 387 and 388: PART FIVE OF VOLUME TWO. Remarks on
Page 389 and 390: VOLUME THREE. MATHEMATICAL AND ASTR
Page 391 and 392: PART THREE OF VOLUME THREE. Observa
Page 393: III.3 THE UNFINISHED INTRODUCTION T
Page 397 and 398: Accordingly, the minds of astronome
Page 399 and 400: extremes in the duration — in oth
Page 401 and 402: For he 1 had been made to understan
Page 403 and 404: famous Mister Lexell, a[nother] son
Page 405 and 406: aware that the sites of observation
Page 407 and 408: 1769 (a.). However, among the highl
Page 409 and 410: the transit would be located in the
Page 411 and 412: Dixon were chosen for this mission
Page 413 and 414: and astronomers recounted so far, d
Page 415 and 416: For as it later emerged, the Divine
Page 417 and 418: they decided to suggest to, and ind
Page 419 and 420: sited by the Arctic sea, to become
Page 421 and 422: As I rolled over in my mind these a
Page 423 and 424: to Her Highness the Empress, asking
Page 425 and 426: I should choose; this needed to be
Page 427 and 428: he was already a famous and well kn
Page 429 and 430: SUMMARY AND REFERENCES
Page 431 and 432: eceived increasing support in Centr
Page 433 and 434: items published before the year 180
Page 435 and 436: econstruct lost parts of their corr
Page 437 and 438: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 439 and 440: Vardø 15 Jan 1769 MERCIER (Copenha
Page 441 and 442: Vienna 25 Mar ’80 J. BERNOULLI (B
Page 443 and 444: UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 1
Page 445 and 446:
FIXLMILLNER Cremif. [Mar-July 1783]
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(measurements of the magnetic decli
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MS, Excerpts from the works “Saxo
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UNPRINTED SOURCES AND LITERATURE, 2
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MS, [no heading] “Acceptis recent
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[Anonymous] 1767: “Transitus Vene
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1768: Voyage en Sibérie, fait par
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1761b: Elementa Arithmeticæ Numeri
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übersetzt, Dritter Band, pp. 171-3
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Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 17
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Maskelyne, Nevil 1762: “An Accoun
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1774: “Förklaring På de Formler
Page 469 and 470:
Trebuchet, Claude-Étienne 1766:
Page 471 and 472:
2011a: “Nordiske amatørastronome
Page 473 and 474:
Bennett, Jim 2002: “The travels a
Page 475 and 476:
Bursill-Hall, Piers (ed.) 1993: R.
Page 477 and 478:
Duhr, Bernhard 1892: Jesuiten-Fabel
Page 479 and 480:
Firneis, Maria G. & Franz Kerschbau
Page 481 and 482:
Harbsmeier, Michael 2003: “Indled
Page 483 and 484:
Hundrup, F. E. 1854: Biographiske e
Page 485 and 486:
Kragemo, Helge (Bergh) 1933: “Pat
Page 487 and 488:
Ludwig, Walther 1997: “Die neuzei
Page 489 and 490:
Nordenmark, N. V. E. 1939: Pehr Wil
Page 491 and 492:
2006: “Sverige, vetenskapen och P
Page 493 and 494:
Sajnovics, Johannes (Joannes, Johan
Page 495 and 496:
Smagina, Galina Ivanovna 2007: “P
Page 497 and 498:
Tibenský, Ján 1970: “Pokusy o o
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Vorontsov-Vel’yaminov, Boris A. 1
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) - Munin

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