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3 Cases TechnoServe has also established community processing centres that help poor farmers who cannot afford their own processing facilities. Working closely with the government and other key regulatory stakeholders, TechnoServe has been lobbying for reform and streamlining of coffee policy. One of its studies (the Coffee Taxation & Benchmarking Initiative) focused on Tanzania’s coffee taxation polices. It proposed a course of action for rationalising and harmonising taxes and levies (which can have a strong impact on rural productivity) As a result of these efforts, taxes in the Tanzania’s coffee sector were reduced from 21% to 14–16% (TechnoServe 2006; World Bank 2007). Producer and consumer prices Coffee prices are vital for providing food security and livelihoods in the Kilimanjaro region. TechnoServe’s intervention, particularly the promotion of entrepreneurial actions and the quality improvement measures, resulted in new marketing channels. For example, by upgrading coffee bean quality from a Class 9 to a Class 5, combined with the improved marketing, the KILICAFE-affiliated producer organisations enjoyed a 70% price premium. Another example is the much publicised success of the first direct grower-to-roaster transaction. Five grower groups (representing a total of 645 smallholders), with the help of KILICAFE, sold 10,000 kg of washed Arabica beans to Peet’s Coffee and Tea, a specialty roaster from the US. The transaction earned a 150% premium for the participating smallholders (TechnoServe 2006). Innovation and sustainability The reintroduction of coffee production has allowed coffee farmers to adopt new business skills, agronomic techniques and processing technologies. Through demonstration plots farmers could become acquainted with new agronomic practices, which improved the quality and the yields of their coffee. Today the quality of the beans from the participation associations is quite good, and very few bags are rejected by buyers. The demonstration plots provide the opportunity to showcase the new techniques for coffee production. Farmers have also experimented with new livelihood sources (small fish ponds) and new technologies, such as maize hulling machines. Lessons learned Several main challenges remain in the cultivation of coffee in northern Tanzania: low productivity, shortage of land, poor coffee quality due to suboptimal post-harvest practices, ineffective extension services, dwindling farmer numbers due to new employment opportunities (e.g. tourism, transport and business). TechnoServe’s experience in 125
<strong>Regional</strong> <strong>Markets</strong> for Local Development Tanzania provides a few useful lessons for addressing some of these trends. A multipronged approach works best for providing livelihoods, and should be tailor made for the local context (i.e. mostly cash crop production, mostly food crop production or mixed farming systems). For instance food crop specialisation can improve food security and household livelihoods. Domestic markets can be a good outlet for smallholder output; however, for certain crops (like coffee) international markets will remain crucial. There is a marked absence of integrative policies in the coffee sector. These policy tools are essential for providing effective support for the growth of the sector and the production of quality coffee. Abbreviations TCB TCA KILICAFE NMB SACCOs Tanzania Coffee Board Tanzania Coffee Association Association of Kilimanjaro Specialty Coffee Growers Association of Kilimanjaro Specialty Coffee Growers National Microfinance Bank Savings and Credit Cooperatives References FAOSTAT. 2010. Exports: Commodities by country, Tanzania. http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E Howard, M., and Millard A. 1997. Hunger and Shame: Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro. Rutledge, New York, USA. Mhando, D., and Mbeyale G. 2010. An Analysis of the Coffee Value Chain in the Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. NCCR North-South Dialogue, no. 27. National Centre of Competence in Research North- South. http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/ Mhando&Mbeyale_NCCR_Dialogue_27_2010.pdf TechnoServe. 2006. Building a Competitive Coffee Industry in Tanzania. Project report. TechnoServe. 2011. Annual Report. http://www.technoserve.org/files/downloads/2011-annual-report.pdf USAID. 2010. Tanzania Coffee Industry Value Chain Analysis: Profiling the Actors, their Interactions, Costs, Constraints, and Opportunities. Report prepared by Chemonics International Inc. World Bank. 2007. Using Value Chain Approaches in Agribusiness and Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Methodological Guide. Prepared by Austin Associates, Inc. 126
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Editors: Fred Zaal, Jacqueline Slui
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Regional Markets for Local Developm
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements F
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Foreword Bart de Steenhuijsen Piter
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Photo: ©FAO/Paballo Thekiso / FAO
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1 Introduction The challenge is to
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1 Introduction in this publication
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1 Introduction When individual valu
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2 Inclusion of smallholder farmers
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3 Cases RUDI empowers micro-small e
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3 Cases than 7,000 smallholders in
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