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4 Opportunities for development seem to contribute to smallholder needs based on a sustainable value chain development focus. Looking at the position of the non-food commodity cases of coffee and cotton as ‘Medium’ means that these projects have advanced somewhat towards promoting a broader definition of sustainability. C:AVA and FoSHol are taking steps in that direction. It seems that currently none of the projects is nearing full sustainability. Figure 4.8 innovation Cotton ZIM Foshol TAHA ZIM banana Coffee TZ FT NGOMA RUDI LOW HIGH Senegal C:AVA Fig 4.8 shows the importance that the projects attached to innovation. Figure 4.9 Economic sustainability RUDI NGOMA C:AVA TAHA ZIM banana Coffee TZ FT LOW HIGH Foshol Senegal Cotton ZIM Fig 4.9 illustrates the extent to which the projects’ interventions contributed to smallholder needs based on a sustainable value chain development focus. Value for smallholders: Regional food commodity value chains After the analysis of the different categories of impact across the various case studies of local value chain projects, it is time now to turn back to the theory. The Value Chains as a concept (initially mostly in a manufacturing context) has its theoretical roots in the works of Gereffi, Humphrey and other authors. Especially the work of Gereffi et 159
Regional Markets for Local Development al. (2005) was a seminal piece that established a set of possible models for structuring value chains. Several variables were outlined as crucial for determining the path of development of the value chain: the complexity of transactions taking place between actors in the chain, the codification of these transactions, and the capabilities of the actors in the supply base. When one considers local markets, regional value chains, food commodity crops and small-scale producers, the expectation is to find relatively simple and well codified transactions as well as high supply capacity. In other words, a large number of producers engaged with a large number of traders and processors in a market-based (or spot market) model of a value chain (see also Chapter 2). This multiplicity of actors was also observed in the field cases, even though sometimes only a limited number of traders, processors and/or well-organised farmers groups was involved at the procuring end of the chains. However, the theory does not accommodate this variety. Gereffi et al. provide for only one model of governance where the complexity of transactions is low and the ability for codification high. They do not provide for a case where the complexity of transactions is low, but where there is no tendency for codification, as in an agricultural spot market for food commodities in a local/regional market in Africa. The rest of their argumentation is based on analysis of situations where there is only one or a few turn-key suppliers of a certain product, i.e. a (quasi-) monopoly. In such situation one can indeed standardise (codify) production processes to make transactions less complex (vertical chain coordination). This reflects their orientation towards industrial production processes. In agricultural chains in Africa, the conditions are far more diverse. Theoretically, this is breaking new ground in this area: not only are there many customers who are dealing with producers at spot markets, but also numerous traders/processors, positioned at different points along the chain with various degrees of control. We have seen that there is a systematic difference between the cases that are more narrowly focused on food commodities and those that are more focused on food cash crop commodities. The ‘governance matrix’ (see Table 1.1) together with the graphs/figures presented in this chapter after each section describing the different dimensions (gender, food security, innovation, etc.) form the basis of the discussion we will present here (see Figure 4.10). 160
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Editors: Fred Zaal, Jacqueline Slui
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Regional Markets for Local Developm
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements F
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Foreword Bart de Steenhuijsen Piter
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Photo: ©FAO/Paballo Thekiso / FAO
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1 Introduction The challenge is to
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1 Introduction in this publication
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1 Introduction agro-related service
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1 Introduction is used). Market kno
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1 Introduction their borders to foo
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1 Introduction When individual valu
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2 Inclusion of smallholder farmers
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3 Cases Photo: ©FAO/Daniel Hayduk
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3 Cases RUDI empowers micro-small e
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3 Cases The last type is the larger
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3 Cases Transport The two main mode
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3 Cases Impact of the intervention
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3 Cases opportunities need to be co
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3 Cases Photo: Lora Forsythe 3.3 Ad
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3 Cases matter (e.g. dust) and—mo
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3 Cases the sun-dried HQCF VC. The
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3 Cases feedstock for processing in
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3 Cases (USD 39 to USD 46 per ton f
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3 Cases Photo: ©FAO/Simon Maina /
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3 Cases than 7,000 smallholders in
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3 Cases tices, productivity and qua
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3 Cases Infrastructure and governan
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3 Cases One unanticipated developme
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3 Cases Photo: ©FAO/Giampiero Dian
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3 Cases be secured at lower prices.
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3 Cases Figure 3.2 FoSHoL seed prod
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3 Cases secure some additional inco
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3 Cases Table 3.6 Cost and profit c
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3 Cases Photo: ©FAO/Daniel Hayduk
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3 Cases holder farmers are gathered
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3 Cases Table 3.7 Relative market s
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3 Cases On the consumer side, TAHA
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