Geoinformation for Disaster and Risk Management - ISPRS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

In general, information on wildfire activity is used for (Csiszar 2008): �global change research, estimating atmospheric emissions and developing periodic global and regional assessments, (i.e. quantification of the fire impact on climate), �fire management and ecosystem management planning, �operational purposes (preparedness and wildfire suppression), �development of informed policies. Satellite earth observation is appropriate to provide repetitive data at spatial and temporal scales necessary for detection and monitoring of wildfires. Existing and currently planned meteorological and environmental satellite sensor systems are able to provide useful coarse scale data sets for: (a) fire danger assessment, (b) fire occurrence detection, and (c) post-fire assessment. Unfortunately, the relative coarse spatial resolution of these data sets with a pixel size larger than 1km for detecting electromagnetic radiation in the mid and thermal infrared wavelength bands - is insufficient to accurately locate individual fire fronts and to assess their strength. However, it is these attributes that are very important for fire management decisions. 14 Some Relevant Definitions An international expert team in (Csiszar 2008) defined the “Fire Disturbance Essential Climate Variable” which includes Burned Area as the primary variable and two supplementary variables. The “Fire Disturbance Essential Climate Variable” is one of the Essential Climate Variables (ECV`s) defined by the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS). Burned Area is defined as the area affected by human-made or natural fire and is expressed in units of area such as hectare (ha) or square kilometre (km2). Information on Burned Area, combined with other information (combustion efficiency and available fuel load) provides estimates of emissions of trace gases and aerosols. Measurements of Burnt Area can be used as a direct input (driver) to climate and carbon-cycle models. Active Fire is the location of burning at the time of the observation and is expressed in spatial coordinates (or by an indicator of presence or absence of fire in a spatially explicit digital raster map, such as a satellite image). Detection of active fires provides an indication of regional, seasonal and inter-annual variability of fire frequency or shifts in geographical location and timing of fire events. Active fire information is also required by some algorithms used to generate burned area products. Detection of active fires can also serve as part of the validation process for burned area products. Fire Radiative Power (FRP) is the rate of emitted radiative energy by the fire at the time of the observation and is expressed in units of power, such as Watts (W). The methodologies to derive FRP use physical-empirical approaches to derive rates of total emitted radiative energy from narrow-band, unsaturated radiance measurements. There is a strong empirical relation between FRP and rate of combustion, allowing CO2 emission rates from a fire to be estimated from FRP observations. Multiple FRP observations can in principle provide estimation of the total CO2 emitted during the fire through estimating time-integrated Fire Radiated Energy. The ratio the FRP (W) of a single fire front line to its length (m) is called Fire Line Strength (W/m). The fire line strength is a measure of the burning severity, which is directly related to the fire impact on the ecosystem. Estimates of the fire line strength derived from data obtained by a satellite or an aircraft sensor enable the distinction, for instance, between cleaning fires and devastating fires. Active Fire Satellite Information - Currently Available Products and Gaps Table 1 shows currently available major satellite derived Active Fire Products with Fire Radiative Power (FRP) information (Csiszar 2008). This is a service provided by currently available sensor systems, such as, the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) on the polar orbiting satellites “Terra” and “Aqua” or the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) on the geostationary satellite Meteosat-8.
Active Fire Products with Fire Radiative Power Information Name Sensor(s) Coverage Resolution Spatial Temporal Spatial Temporal GFED MODIS Global 1997-2004 1° x 1° 1 month ATSR (finished) latitude/ VIRS longitude WF_ABBA GOES-E/W N/S America 1995-present 4 km 30 min MODIS FRP MODIS Global 2001-present 1 km 1 day SEVIRI FRP Meteosat-8 SEVIRI Africa, Europe ~2006-present 3 km 15 min Table 1: Currently available major satellite derived Active Fire Products with Fire Radiative Power (FRP) information (Csiszar 2008). Unfortunately, these products only marginally meet the requirements defined by the Global Climate Observation System (GCOS) Implementation Plan. Considering this situation, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) identified the following information deficiencies (Csiszar 2008): �no global products at the specified 250m spatial resolution and daily observing cycle exist, �product continuity and consistency between products derived from the various sensors remains unresolved. Germany's Bi-spectral Infrared Detection (BIRD) Mission The primary mission objective of the Bi-spectral InfraRed Detection (BIRD) satellite, which was piggyback launched in a 570 km circular sunsynchronous orbit on 22 October 2001, was detection and quantitative analysis of hightemperature events (HTE) such as wildfires and volcanoes (Briess et al 2003). In 2002 - 2004 BIRD very convincingly demonstrated the potential of unsaturated fire data obtained with an earth observation system with a spatial resolution of 200 - 250m for: �the derivation of Active Fire Products with Fire Radiative Power (FRP) information and the estimation of the Fire Line Strength of individual fire fronts, �the comparison of Active Fire Products, such as FRP, derived from different satellite sensors using data nearly obtained simultaneously. The principal BIRD imaging payload includes the Bispectral Infrared Camera with channels in the Mid- Infrared and Thermal Infrared spectral ranges, and the Wide-Angle Optoelectronic Stereo Scanner WAOSS-B with a nadir channel in Near-Infrared spectral range. The ground resolution of the BIRD nadir channels is 185m in the NIR and 370m in the MIR and TIR. The NIR, MIR and TIR channels have the same sampling step of 185m due to an oversampling by a factor of 2 of the MIR and TIR data. A unique feature of the BIRD push-broom type MIR and TIR sensor channels is the real-time adjustment of their integration time (Skrbek and Lorenz 1998). If the real-time sensor on-board processing indicates that some detector elements are saturated (or close to saturation) during the regular exposure, a second exposure is performed within the same sampling interval with a reduced integration time. The data of both exposures are merged during the on-ground processing. This “intelligent” procedure preserves a 0.2°K radiometric resolution for pixels at normal temperatures and eliminates detector saturation over high temperature targets (Skrbek and Lorenz 1998). Example of MODIS-BIRD Data Comparison Comparing near-simultaneously collected data from BIRD and lower spatial resolution sensors such as MODerate Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) on the US environmental satellite “Terra” provides a useful metric by which the enhanced performance of BIRD in terms of fire detection and characterization can be judged (Wooster et al 2003). 15
Page 1: Joint Board of Geospatial Informati
Page 5: Preface Each year, disasters arisin
Page 9 and 10: Introduction National governments,
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 6, 7, 8 and 9 demonstrate s
Page 13 and 14: Table of Contents Preface by UN Off
Page 15 and 16: TIntroduction Global Disaster Alert
Page 17 and 18: Three ingredients for success Multi
Page 19 and 20: Example 2009 Typhoons in South-East
Page 21 and 22: NIntroduction Flood Mapping in Supp
Page 23 and 24: The aforementioned data belongs to
Page 25 and 26: Dissemination Dissemination process
Page 27: Detection and Monitoring of Wildfir
Page 31: In-Orbit Verification of On-board F
Page 34 and 35: Up-to-date thematic and baseline sp
Page 36 and 37: 22 Data Details Relevance to disast
Page 39 and 40: The Benefit of High Resolution Aeri
Page 41 and 42: Delays, due to security clearance a
Page 43 and 44: Determination of the benefit of use
Page 45 and 46: Earthquake damage assessment using
Page 47 and 48: Available remotely sensed data Time
Page 49 and 50: priority. The updated large scale r
Page 51: Discussion and conclusions The Hait
Page 54 and 55: The characteristics of the earthqua
Page 56 and 57: Image acquisition Within two hours
Page 58 and 59: Map making All the map products wer
Page 60 and 61: Dust, smoke, and human health There
Page 62 and 63: Improvements in model performance w
Page 64 and 65: Daily PM2.5 concentrations from Apr
Page 66 and 67: Refugees and IDPs live in widely va
Page 68 and 69: processing chains to finally derive
Page 70 and 71: Environmental impact assessment The
Page 72 and 73: (Grimm et al., 2008; Kerle and Alke
Page 74 and 75: Command and information chain The c
Page 76 and 77: Accomplishments and limitations The
Page 78 and 79:
Satellite based positioning techniq
Page 80 and 81:
Communication component Widespread
Page 82 and 83:
68 Figure 6: Variations of the hori
Page 84 and 85:
Conclusion The LC PDGNSS NRTP appro
Page 86 and 87:
Kronos Kronos is an information sys
Page 88 and 89:
Kronos at Thessaloniki Metro Projec
Page 91 and 92:
AIntroduction Volcanic Risk Managem
Page 93 and 94:
Mt. Etna 2006 eruption Mt. Etna (33
Page 95:
Conclusions A Web-GIS developed sep
Page 98 and 99:
and donor countries. For SAIs of af
Page 100 and 101:
Check for compliance with risk regu
Page 103 and 104:
Population Estimation for Megacitie
Page 105 and 106:
Tiered conceptual framework for pop
Page 107 and 108:
Remote sensing and advanced technol
Page 109 and 110:
GIS for Emergency Management DIntro
Page 111 and 112:
Case Study: GIS Enhances China Reli
Page 113 and 114:
REFERENCES Adams, B.J., Huyck, C.K.
Page 115 and 116:
Kranz O., Lang S., Tiede D., Zeug G
Page 117 and 118:
Support from Space: The United Nati
Page 119 and 120:
What UN-SPIDER is doing - Its Tools
Page 121 and 122:
Alternatively, technical advice to
Page 123 and 124:
The Knowledge Base provides guides
Page 125 and 126:
An exemplary case: The African Sub-
Page 127 and 128:
The pilot project is envisaged to c
Page 129 and 130:
Global Spatial Data Infrastructure
Page 131 and 132:
GSDI Aspirations The GSDI Associati
Page 133 and 134:
TWhat is Geodesy? The International
Page 135 and 136:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Page 137 and 138:
The International Cartographic Asso
Page 139 and 140:
Understanding between the United Na
Page 141 and 142:
The International Federation of Sur
Page 143 and 144:
FIG approach to natural disaster pr
Page 145 and 146:
T The Map Trade Association (IMTA)
Page 147 and 148:
Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina
Page 149 and 150:
The International Society for Photo
Page 151 and 152:
Activities of the ISPRS WG IV/8: 3D
Page 153 and 154:
JBGIS Members and Sponsors 139
Page 155 and 156:
IMPORTANT EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS The
Page 158:
144
show all

Geoinformation for Disaster and Risk Management - ISPRS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?