Geoinformation for Disaster and Risk Management - ISPRS

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32 This paper is mainly focused on the damage assessment activities performed during the first days after the event and based on satellite and high resolution aerial imagery. The aim is to show best practice of operational tools and geomatics techniques that can be used to provide effective information to the humanitarian organization in the field. Post earthquake damage assessment As clearly highlighted in the Disaster Risk Management Cycle the Emergency Response stage is generally composed of different initiatives, such as the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, the reestablishment of the main logistic routes, the management, coordination and sharing of information, the provision of humanitarian assistance and the initial damage and need assessment. The focus of the activities described Figure 1: Map showing the potentially affected areas by the Haiti earthquake (Source: WFP, 15.01.2001) in this paper is to provide an initial damage assessment to support the provision of humanitarian assistance, and hence they are not aimed at helping the SAR team. Furthermore, the typical time constrains of this stage do not allow to produce a Detailed Damage Assessment, which is generally performed in the Recovery stage in the framework of the PDNA related tasks. UN WFP needs It is crucial to thoroughly understand the needs of the end users of outputs being derived from the Initial Damage Assessment, both to provide products and services as effectively as possible, and to optimize the allocation of resources according to the time constraints. The main end user of the produced georeferenced data that will be described in the following paragraph is the United Nations World Food Programme (UN WFP), the largest UN agency in charge of assisting affected areas, vulnerable populations with a variety of feeding programmes, as well as food-for-work programmes. WFP and partners have delivered food to over 1.2 million people (over 200,000 families) in the greater Portau-Prince area as part of a targeted food distribution which reached 3 million people in February (OCHA SitRep No.30). Therefore WFP was most interested in having information on: �the location of the most affected areas (by means of analyzing the pattern of collapsed buildings) and specifically the areas with spontaneously gathering camps; �road accessibility, highlighting the presence of impassable and restricted roads, which are crucial for correctly plan the logistic of the food distribution plans.
Available remotely sensed data Timely triggering and absence of cloud cover allowed GeoEye-1 satellite to collect colour, highresolution imagery (resampled to 50cm for commercial users) over Port-au-Prince within a few hours (Figure 2). Specifically on January 13, beginning at 10:27 a.m. EST, from 423 miles in space, GeoEye-1 collected almost 3,000 square kilometres of imagery. On January 16, GeoEye-1 was again in an orbit over Haiti, and collected stereo imagery over Port-au-Prince. Google made the imagery immediately accessible to everyone, overcoming licensing issues that may interfere with the needs of rapid disaster response. A few days later (17 January 2010) Google arranged for a collection of imagery over the Port-au-Prince area at approximately 15cm resolution to complement the existing imagery, making it again available for download by everyone. The immediate dissemination of the data through Google, by means of direct download or by making them available as base layers in Google Earth/Map, was indeed a crucial turning point. Several OGC compliant Web Services were later arranged to allow GIS specialists to work in their preferred GIS environment, avoiding time consuming download procedures. The eager efforts of the satellite/aerial data providers, space agencies and funding agencies enabled rapid coverage of the whole country with optical and radar data: among others, the main data acquisition initiatives were performed by DigitalGlobe (optical satellite data, Figure 3) and World Bank-ImageCat-RIT (aerial imagery, including thermal and lidar acquisitions). Figure 2: Detail of first post-earthquake GeoEye satellite acquisition (50 cm) over Port-au-Prince. Jan, 13th 2010 (Courtesy of GeoEye) Extraction of features of interest Remote sensing technology is increasingly recognized as a valuable post-earthquake damage assessment tool. As highlighted in the previous paragraphs, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the end user needs in order to identify which information has to be extracted. For the Haiti response WFP asked as a priority to identify: �not accessible or restricted roads, allowing to evaluate the road network accessibility; �spontaneous gathering camps; �collapsed and damaged buildings; �landslides triggered by the earthquake, possibly affecting the logistic network. Figure 3: Coverage of the DigitalGlobe constellation as of Jan, 18th 2010 (Source: DigitalGlobe) Taking into account that the huge amount of high resolution data (covering an extensive area) had to be interpreted under harsh time constraints and that procedures to fully and rapidly automatically interpret images do not yet exist (from a postearthquake damage assessment point of view), the mapping of the features of interest required manual interpretation involving a large crew of volunteers. The analysis was mainly based on a multi-temporal comparison (with respect to pre-event imagery) of the available satellite data (50 cm) and later updated by means of photo-interpretation of Google high resolution aerial imagery (15 cm). Figure 4 shows examples for each feature of interest 33
Page 1: Joint Board of Geospatial Informati
Page 5: Preface Each year, disasters arisin
Page 9 and 10: Introduction National governments,
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 6, 7, 8 and 9 demonstrate s
Page 13 and 14: Table of Contents Preface by UN Off
Page 15 and 16: TIntroduction Global Disaster Alert
Page 17 and 18: Three ingredients for success Multi
Page 19 and 20: Example 2009 Typhoons in South-East
Page 21 and 22: NIntroduction Flood Mapping in Supp
Page 23 and 24: The aforementioned data belongs to
Page 25 and 26: Dissemination Dissemination process
Page 27 and 28: Detection and Monitoring of Wildfir
Page 29 and 30: Active Fire Products with Fire Radi
Page 31: In-Orbit Verification of On-board F
Page 34 and 35: Up-to-date thematic and baseline sp
Page 36 and 37: 22 Data Details Relevance to disast
Page 39 and 40: The Benefit of High Resolution Aeri
Page 41 and 42: Delays, due to security clearance a
Page 43 and 44: Determination of the benefit of use
Page 45: Earthquake damage assessment using
Page 49 and 50: priority. The updated large scale r
Page 51: Discussion and conclusions The Hait
Page 54 and 55: The characteristics of the earthqua
Page 56 and 57: Image acquisition Within two hours
Page 58 and 59: Map making All the map products wer
Page 60 and 61: Dust, smoke, and human health There
Page 62 and 63: Improvements in model performance w
Page 64 and 65: Daily PM2.5 concentrations from Apr
Page 66 and 67: Refugees and IDPs live in widely va
Page 68 and 69: processing chains to finally derive
Page 70 and 71: Environmental impact assessment The
Page 72 and 73: (Grimm et al., 2008; Kerle and Alke
Page 74 and 75: Command and information chain The c
Page 76 and 77: Accomplishments and limitations The
Page 78 and 79: Satellite based positioning techniq
Page 80 and 81: Communication component Widespread
Page 82 and 83: 68 Figure 6: Variations of the hori
Page 84 and 85: Conclusion The LC PDGNSS NRTP appro
Page 86 and 87: Kronos Kronos is an information sys
Page 88 and 89: Kronos at Thessaloniki Metro Projec
Page 91 and 92: AIntroduction Volcanic Risk Managem
Page 93 and 94: Mt. Etna 2006 eruption Mt. Etna (33
Page 95: Conclusions A Web-GIS developed sep
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and donor countries. For SAIs of af
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Check for compliance with risk regu
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Population Estimation for Megacitie
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Tiered conceptual framework for pop
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Remote sensing and advanced technol
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GIS for Emergency Management DIntro
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Case Study: GIS Enhances China Reli
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REFERENCES Adams, B.J., Huyck, C.K.
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Kranz O., Lang S., Tiede D., Zeug G
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Support from Space: The United Nati
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What UN-SPIDER is doing - Its Tools
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Alternatively, technical advice to
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The Knowledge Base provides guides
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An exemplary case: The African Sub-
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The pilot project is envisaged to c
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Global Spatial Data Infrastructure
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GSDI Aspirations The GSDI Associati
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TWhat is Geodesy? The International
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Global Navigation Satellite Systems
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The International Cartographic Asso
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Understanding between the United Na
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The International Federation of Sur
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FIG approach to natural disaster pr
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T The Map Trade Association (IMTA)
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Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina
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The International Society for Photo
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Activities of the ISPRS WG IV/8: 3D
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JBGIS Members and Sponsors 139
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IMPORTANT EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS The
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