History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

More documents

Info

no The History of Islam Musa, a Goth who had converted to Islam. Other converts like him were appointed as commanders and governors. But this army achieved almost no success worth mentioning and returned emptyhanded. However, the Sultan sent the same force to Barcelona for the Christians there had also overstepped their limit. Also, from there the force came back with very little booty. Rebellions Curbed In view of the dominance of the Muslim jurists in Cordova and the killing of the Christians as per the resolution passed by the Christians of the north, the people of Toledo began to make preparations against Muslim rule in 239 A.H. As an initial step, they arrested the Governor of Toledo and sent word to Cordova to send back those made hostages by Sultan Abdur Rahman II otherwise the Governor would be put to death and they would declare their sovereignty. Sultan Muhammad accepted to their demand and sent the hostages back. However, the people of Toledo instead of adopting the right course according to their promise rose in open revolt considering this kind gesture as a weakness. They fortified Toledo strongly and sought help from the northern Christian States. Strangely, in spite of repeated revolts in Toledo no Muslim king ever thought of demolishing its forts and fortifications. The sole reason was the benevolence of the Muslim rulers, which held them back from such an action against the northern Frontier States. Sultan Muhammad himself marched in 240 A.H. from Cordova to Toledo at the head of a strong force. Sultan Muhammad had not yet reached Toledo when the forces of Asturias State and warriors from the hills marched into Toledo to lend their help. Finding the conquest of Toledo an uphill task Sultan Muhammad hid a large part of his troops behind the hills, mounds and bushes and advanced with a small force. The people of Toledo seeing a small army mustered their courage to go ahead and attack the Muslim force. When the actual battle started, the Muslim force in large numbers rose from all sides and the Christians fled in fear and confusion but the Muslim troops surrounded and killed twenty thousand Christian forces, which destroyed the defenses of the
The Spainish Caliphs 111 people of Toledo. Sultan Muhammad occupied Toledo easily and established a small military presence therein. The Christians of Toledo had suffered such a crushing defeat that they did not repeat their action against Muslim rule. However, they had now formed relations with the Northern Christian States. At this time, many Commanders of the Royal Force and Governors had secretly entered into correspondence with the rulers of Asturias, Gothic March, Galicia, and France they then hatched a conspiracy against their own ruler. They once again rose in revolt in 242 A.H. Sultan and returned after punishing the Muhammad invaded Toledo again rebels. However, they took up arms again under the leadership of a Christian chief. Sultan Muhammad had to go there yet again. At last, in 248 A.H. Sultan agreed to confer sovereignty on the people of Toledo after their submission to Muslim rule. They were given freedom to choose their own Governor who should send a fixed annual amount to Cordova. Toledo was left free to manage its own affairs. By acceding to this condition Sultan Muhammad showed not only his weakness but allowed the Christians to lay the foundation stone of Christian rule in Spain once again. He, in this way, dug a hole into the very foundation of Muslim rule in Spain, which led to its end. The people of Toledo wanted to appoint the son of Musa bin Musa as Governor. Sultan Muhammad gave it his approval. Following this Christians from the northern hilly States and warring Christians began to join the state of Toledo in large numbers and they started uprooting Muslims from there. The city of Toledo turned out to be another model based on the Asturias State. Musa bin Musa had, on the other hand, entered into a secret pact with the Christian States and this family of traitors played a fundamental role in weakening the Islamic nile although they were overtly considered a Muslim family. The same year the Normans descended on the western coast of Spain and made inroads into the coastal areas but the ships of Sultan Muhammad captured fifty of their boats and they fled without inflicting much loss. n Rajab, 251 A.H. Sultan Muhammad sent his son, Mundhir towards * e north to Alva and Alcala to punish the insurgent Christians and he himself set out behind him towards Galicia. Father and son both were
Page 1 and 2:
The History of ISLAM 5V Volume Thre
Page 3 and 4:
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • &jh*t** £*
Page 5 and 6:
In the Name of Allah the Most Benef
Page 7 and 8:
6 The History of Islam In this seco
Page 9 and 10:
8 The History of Islam The First St
Page 11 and 12:
10 The History of Islam Chapter »
Page 13 and 14:
— The History of Islam Accession
Page 15 and 16:
14 The History of Islam Musta'in Bi
Page 17 and 18:
16 King Muhammad Sultan Yusuf Sulta
Page 19 and 20:
18 The History of Islam Death of Az
Page 21 and 22:
20 The History of Islam Cowardice O
Page 23 and 24:
22 The History of Islam The Battle
Page 25 and 26:
24 The History of Islam Two big riv
Page 27 and 28:
26 The History of Islam effects on
Page 29 and 30:
28 The History of Islam to Ceuta, i
Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 2 Islamic Rule In Spain The
Page 33 and 34:
Islamic Rule In Spain 33 Tariq bin
Page 35 and 36:
Islamic Rule In Spain 35 Musa bin N
Page 37 and 38:
iciamicRule In Spain considered as
Page 39 and 40:
Chapter 3 Rulers of Spain Abdul Azi
Page 41 and 42:
Rulers of Spain 41 Abdul Aziz bin M
Page 43 and 44:
Rulers of Spain 43 their capital wa
Page 45 and 46:
Rulers of Spain 45 people became an
Page 47 and 48:
Rulers of Spain 47 Uthman assassina
Page 49 and 50:
Rulers of Spain 49 Utbah bin HajjaJ
Page 51 and 52:
Rulers of Spain 51 Straits. Even th
Page 53 and 54:
Rulers of Spain 53 Political Mistak
Page 55 and 56:
Rulers of Spain 55 the French terri
Page 57 and 58:
Rulers of Spain 57 Finally, Ibn Hat
Page 59 and 60: Rulers of Spain 59 eluded the Musli
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 4 The Spainish Caliphs Abdu
Page 63 and 64: The Spainish Caliphs 63 discovered
Page 65 and 66: The Spainish Caliphs 65 Rebellions
Page 67 and 68: The Spainish Caliphs 67 grandeur he
Page 69 and 70: The Spainish Caliphs 69 Rebels anni
Page 71 and 72: The Spainish Caliphs 71 powerful at
Page 73 and 74: The Spainish Caliphs 73 revolt repe
Page 75 and 76: The Spainish Caliphs 75 plains. Dur
Page 77 and 78: The Spainish Caliphs 77 all over hi
Page 79 and 80: The Spairtish Caliphs 79 to assess
Page 81 and 82: The Spainish Caliphs 81 Battle Ghal
Page 83 and 84: The Spain ish Caliphs 83 that the o
Page 85 and 86: The Spainish Caliphs 85 Madinah at
Page 87 and 88: The Spanish Caliphs 87 Governor of
Page 89 and 90: The Spainish Caliphs 89 friendship
Page 91 and 92: The Spainish Caliphs 91 Spain slipp
Page 93 and 94: The Spainish Caliphs 93 about them.
Page 95 and 96: The Spainish Caliphs 95 violent and
Page 97 and 98: The Spainish Caliphs 97 Disasters o
Page 99 and 100: The Spainish Caliphs 99 died before
Page 101 and 102: The Spainish Caliphs 101 with the r
Page 103 and 104: The Spainish Caliphs 103 Cordova. H
Page 105 and 106: The Spairtish Caliphs 105 movement
Page 107 and 108: The Spain ish Caliphs 107 Christian
Page 109: The Spainish Caliphs 109 was wheat-
Page 113 and 114: The Spainish Caliphs 113 captured H
Page 115 and 116: The Spainish Caliphs 115 bounds of
Page 117 and 118: The Spainish Caliphs 117 The first
Page 119 and 120: The Spainish Caliphs 119 Condition
Page 121 and 122: The Spainish Caliphs 121 Children S
Page 123 and 124: 124 The History of Islam Following
Page 125 and 126: i26 The History of Islam other chie
Page 127 and 128: 128 The History of Islam The number
Page 129 and 130: 130 The History of Abdur Rahman on
Page 131 and 132: 132 The History of Islam Three Peti
Page 133 and 134: 134 The History of lsiam (Qasr al-K
Page 135 and 136: 136 The History of Islam fifty year
Page 137 and 138: 138 The History of Islam the city c
Page 139 and 140: 140 The History of Islam leaders fe
Page 141 and 142: 142 The History of Islam Having hea
Page 143 and 144: 144 The History of Islam A r-Rashid
Page 145 and 146: 146 The History of Islam 349 A.H. a
Page 147 and 148: 148 The History ofIslam 2. Queen Sa
Page 149 and 150: 150 The History of Islam Sabah, the
Page 151 and 152: 152 The History of Islam Assessment
Page 153 and 154: 154 The History of Islam friends of
Page 155 and 156: . The History of Islam Berbers were
Page 157 and 158: 158 The History of Islam End of His
Page 159 and 160: Bani Hamud's Chapter 6 (Hammudid's)
Page 161 and 162:
Batti Hamud's (Hammudid's) Rule 163
Page 163 and 164:
succeeded Bant Hamud's (Hammudid' s
Page 165 and 166:
Chapter 7 State of Anarchy Banu Abb
Page 167 and 168:
State ofAnarchy 169 Mu'tamid bin Mu
Page 169 and 170:
State of Anarchy 171 peace between
Page 171 and 172:
State ofAnarchy 173 Abu Umar was ki
Page 173 and 174:
Chapter 8 Christian Brutality in Sp
Page 175 and 176:
uction Brutality in Spain X 177 ain
Page 177 and 178:
Christian Brutality in Spain 179 te
Page 179 and 180:
Christian Brutality in Spain 181 bi
Page 181 and 182:
Chapter 9 Almohads (AI-Mowahad) Rul
Page 183 and 184:
Almohads (Al-Mowahad) Rule in Spain
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Almohads (Al-Mowahad ) Rule in Spai
Page 191 and 192:
194 The History of Islam Muhammad b
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 1 Granada Ibn Al-Ahmar Nasr
Page 195 and 196:
Granada 199 were angry with the Min
Page 197 and 198:
Granada 201 Waleed then hid one tho
Page 199 and 200:
Granada 203 Khatib to Abu Salim bin
Page 201 and 202:
Granada 205 Sultan Yuiuf HI Immedia
Page 203 and 204:
Granada 207 pay annual tribute to t
Page 205 and 206:
esumed Granada 209 Sultan Ibn Ismai
Page 207 and 208:
Granada 211 the inexperienced Musli
Page 209 and 210:
Granada 213 advances of the Christi
Page 211 and 212:
Granada 215 End of Islamic Rule In
Page 213 and 214:
Granada 217 13. After sixty days fr
Page 215 and 216:
Granada 219 network of roads and ca
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 12 Morocco and North Africa
Page 219 and 220:
Morocco and North Africa 223 child
Page 221 and 222:
Morocco and North Africa 225 the mo
Page 223 and 224:
Morocco and North Africa 227 Battle
Page 225 and 226:
Morocco and North Africa . 229 woul
Page 227 and 228:
Morocco arid North Africa 231 the o
Page 229 and 230:
Morocco and North Africa 233 Abul G
Page 231 and 232:
Morocco and North Africa 235 End of
Page 233 and 234:
238 The History of Islam with the I
Page 235 and 236:
240 The History of Islam Ubaidullah
Page 237 and 238:
242 The History of Islam insurgence
Page 239 and 240:
244 The History of Islam had played
Page 241 and 242:
246 The History of Islam from the s
Page 243 and 244:
248 The History of Islam Ghalib had
Page 245 and 246:
250 The History of Islam he refuse
Page 247 and 248:
252 The History of Islam out to fig
Page 249 and 250:
254 The History of Islam already be
Page 251 and 252:
256 The History of Islam number of
Page 253 and 254:
' Mm 258 The History of Islam Hasan
Page 255 and 256:
5 and . 260 The History of Islam Mu
Page 257 and 258:
262 The History of Islam Death of H
Page 259 and 260:
264 The History of Islam the throne
Page 261 and 262:
266 The History of Islam Consequenc
Page 263 and 264:
268 The History of Islam Salahuddin
Page 265 and 266:
Chapter 1 Qaramatians of Bahrain Ya
Page 267 and 268:
Qaramatians of Bahrain ___ 273 The
Page 269 and 270:
Qaramatians of Bahrain 275 Abu Mans
Page 271 and 272:
and aligned with their historical e
Page 273 and 274:
Se 280 The History of Islam and pat
Page 275 and 276:
282 The History of Islam The Govern
Page 277 and 278:
284 The History of Islam Those Assa
Page 279 and 280:
286 The History of Islam have also
Page 281 and 282:
288 The History of islam asked them
Page 283 and 284:
290 The History of Islam Removal Of
Page 285 and 286:
292 The History of Islam Interpreta
Page 287 and 288:
294 The History of Islam treaty, Ta
Page 289 and 290:
298 The History of Islam to Bukhara
Page 291 and 292:
300 The History of lslam Ghazni and
Page 293 and 294:
302 The History of Islam were Jar a
Page 295 and 296:
304 The History of Islam Death Of G
Page 297 and 298:
^ The History of Islam and to becom
Page 299 and 300:
308 The History of Islam returned t
Page 301 and 302:
310 The History of Islam and attack
Page 303 and 304:
312 The History of Islam virtue of
Page 305 and 306:
314 The History of Islam wearing co
Page 307 and 308:
316 The History of Islam Gaykhatu K
Page 309 and 310:
318 The History of Islam Syria once
Page 311 and 312:
320 The History of Islam Assassinat
Page 313 and 314:
322 The History of Islam take on th
Page 315 and 316:
324 The History of Islam Khan. Thus
Page 317 and 318:
326 The History of Islam through th
Page 319 and 320:
328 The History of Islam earlier co
Page 321 and 322:
330 The History of Islam luxury and
Page 323 and 324:
332 The History of Islam subduing A
Page 325 and 326:
^owever 334 The History of Islam Al
Page 327 and 328:
336 The History of Islam had divide
Page 329 and 330:
He 338 The History of Islam In the
Page 331 and 332:
340 The History of Islam Seljuk Dyn
Page 333 and 334:
342 The History of Islam Romans (pr
Page 335 and 336:
344 The History of Islam with each
Page 337 and 338:
346 The History of Islam Alauddin G
Page 339 and 340:
348 The History of Islam Following
Page 341 and 342:
350 The History of Islam post. He t
Page 343 and 344:
Chapter 1 Brief Supplement Of The I
Page 345 and 346:
Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
Page 347 and 348:
Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
Page 349 and 350:
' Brief Supplement Of The Islamic H
Page 351 and 352:
Chapter 19 Ottoman Dynasty We have
Page 353 and 354:
Ottoman Dynasty 363 out and the Mon
Page 355 and 356:
Ottoman Dynasty 365 intrigues of hi
Page 357 and 358:
Ottoman Dynasty 367 sword and girdl
Page 359 and 360:
370 The History of Islam counted am
Page 361 and 362:
372 The History of Islam fully awar
Page 363 and 364:
374 The History of Islam them into
Page 365 and 366:
376 The History of Islam found his
Page 367 and 368:
378 The History of Islam was making
Page 369 and 370:
380 The History of Islam battlefiel
Page 371 and 372:
382 The History of Islam unable to
Page 373 and 374:
384 The History of Islam (northwest
Page 375 and 376:
386 preparations against commanders
Page 377 and 378:
388 The History of Islam Being sati
Page 379 and 380:
390 The History of Islam freshness
Page 381 and 382:
392 The History of Islam superior n
Page 383 and 384:
394 The Histon/ of Islam an iron ca
Page 385 and 386:
396 The History of Islam During the
Page 387 and 388:
398 The History of Islam Sultan Muh
Page 389 and 390:
Ill The History of Islam Constantin
Page 391 and 392:
402 The History of Islam all such t
Page 393 and 394:
The 404 • History of Islam and th
Page 395 and 396:
406 The History of Islam In the wak
Page 397 and 398:
408 The History of Islam grown very
Page 399 and 400:
410 The History of Islam In 852 A.H
Page 401 and 402:
412 The History of Islam First of a
Page 403 and 404:
414 The History of Islam cracks app
Page 405 and 406:
416 The History of Islam kept pushi
Page 407 and 408:
418 The History of Islam emissary m
Page 409 and 410:
420 The History of Islam his force
Page 411 and 412:
422 The History of Islam Iran and A
Page 413 and 414:
^ 424 The History of Islam acceded
Page 415 and 416:
426 The History of Islam conquest.
Page 417 and 418:
428 The History of Islam the Madras
Page 419 and 420:
Chapter 2 Civil Wars after Sultan t
Page 421 and 422:
gvil Wars after Sultan the Conquero
Page 423 and 424:
Civil Wars after Sultan the Conquer
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
civ il Wars after Sultan the Conque
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Civil Wars after Sultan the Conq ue
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
the Civil Wars after Sultan the Con
show all

History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?