History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

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j 88 The History of isi atn deputed his Commander Amr bin Yusuf to besiege Toledo and he himself marched in pursuit of Sulaiman and Abdullah. After several months of hide-and-seek campaigns, they came face to face on the plane of Murcia. During fierce fighting, an arrow hit Sulaiman and he dropped dead on the spot. With the end of Sulaiman, his forces fled the field along with Abdullah who took refuge in Valencia and sought forgiveness from Hakam. Granting the petition of his uncle immediately Hakam asked him to send his sons Asbah and Qasim as ransom and go to Tabkhiv in Morocco to settle there. Abdullah carried out the conditions without loss of time. Hakam treated both his cousins with love. He married his daughter to the elder and appointed the younger as the Governor of Merida city. At a time when Sultan Hakam was chasing Sulaiman and Abdullah, Umar bin Yusuf conquered Toledo and killed Ubaidah bin Umayr. He later made his son Yusuf bin Umar the Governor of Toledo and appeared before the Sultan with the head of Ubaidah. Following this Saragossa rose in revolt. Umar bin Yusuf went there and punished the insurgents. The series of revolts, which started in 181 A. H., came to an end in 184 A. H. and peace and safety prevailed over the whole of Spain. An Organized Conspiracy of the Christians It has already been mentioned that the Christian forces could not withstand Hakam's invasion of France and fled for safety. Three years of Hakam's engagements with his insurgent relatives offered the Christians an opportunity to look into their weaknesses and find out ways and means of guarding themselves against Muslim invasions in the future. They had the state of Asturias in the western part of the Pyrenees joining the border of France, Galicia and the Bay of Biscay, another very strong State that was founded by the chiefs of the Goths after their expulsion from Spain. A large part of France was ruled over by Charlemagne. Moreover, rebellious Christians dominated the population of Barcelona, Aragon, Catalonia, and Galicia. Finding Sultan Hakam preoccupied with the task of putting down internal rebellions the Christians held a large scale consultative meeting in Tahir city. As a result of these deliberations, a massive united front came into being against the Muslims. Waves of peace and
The Spainish Caliphs 89 friendship rose to bring together Christian rulers who had been opposing one another. Hew State Founded against the Muslims Charlemagne, the King of France formed a small State on a piece of the south France and appointed a chief named Borrell as its land in ruler. The State was named "Gothic March" and one of their chiefs was appointed as the ruler with the instruction that he should make the Pyrenees impossible to pass for the Muslims and keep ever ready to stop any advancing march. Strong forts were built at different places at the foot of the Pyrenees and friendly relations with the Governors of northern Spain were established with a view to set them against their ruler. The Caliph of Baghdad was kept informed of their intentions and preparations and Caliph Harun Rasheed also showed encouraging friendly gestures by sending them precious gifts. The new Gothic State also occupied the eastern and southern parts of the Pyrenees and the Christians of northern Spain extended all help and facilities. In short, "Gothic March" rose as a strong State on the pattern of Asturias and the bishops declared all-out help and support to it a religious obligation. Disgruntled Christians from various States came to settle in the new State and this deserted territory turned into a strong, well-populated and splendid piece of land. Treacherous Muslim Governors encouraged Hakam had hardly won peace during the last days of 184 A.H. when the Christians stormed northern Spain in 185 A.H. And at such a crucial moment, the Governors of the northern cities lent support to Charlemagne considering him a friend and ally of the Caliph of Baghdad. Moreover, the spies employed in Spain by the court of Baghdad played a very active role in setting the governors against Sultan Hakam who refused to obey Hakam and accepted the King of France as their ruler. Similarly, the Governors of Galicia and Biscay including the ruler of Saragossa declared their allegiance to the Christian rulers and rose against Hakam. But, despite these disturbances Sultan Hakam did not move from Cordova for the atmosphere in the capital was not at all
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The History of ISLAM 5V Volume Thre
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • &jh*t** £*
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In the Name of Allah the Most Benef
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6 The History of Islam In this seco
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8 The History of Islam The First St
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10 The History of Islam Chapter »
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— The History of Islam Accession
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14 The History of Islam Musta'in Bi
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16 King Muhammad Sultan Yusuf Sulta
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18 The History of Islam Death of Az
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20 The History of Islam Cowardice O
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22 The History of Islam The Battle
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24 The History of Islam Two big riv
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26 The History of Islam effects on
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28 The History of Islam to Ceuta, i
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Chapter 2 Islamic Rule In Spain The
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Islamic Rule In Spain 33 Tariq bin
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Islamic Rule In Spain 35 Musa bin N
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Page 47 and 48: Rulers of Spain 47 Uthman assassina
Page 49 and 50: Rulers of Spain 49 Utbah bin HajjaJ
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Page 65 and 66: The Spainish Caliphs 65 Rebellions
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Page 117 and 118: The Spainish Caliphs 117 The first
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Page 123 and 124: 124 The History of Islam Following
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Page 127 and 128: 128 The History of Islam The number
Page 129 and 130: 130 The History of Abdur Rahman on
Page 131 and 132: 132 The History of Islam Three Peti
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140 The History of Islam leaders fe
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142 The History of Islam Having hea
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144 The History of Islam A r-Rashid
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146 The History of Islam 349 A.H. a
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148 The History ofIslam 2. Queen Sa
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150 The History of Islam Sabah, the
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152 The History of Islam Assessment
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154 The History of Islam friends of
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. The History of Islam Berbers were
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158 The History of Islam End of His
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Bani Hamud's Chapter 6 (Hammudid's)
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Batti Hamud's (Hammudid's) Rule 163
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succeeded Bant Hamud's (Hammudid' s
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Chapter 7 State of Anarchy Banu Abb
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State ofAnarchy 169 Mu'tamid bin Mu
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State of Anarchy 171 peace between
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State ofAnarchy 173 Abu Umar was ki
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Chapter 8 Christian Brutality in Sp
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uction Brutality in Spain X 177 ain
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Christian Brutality in Spain 179 te
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Christian Brutality in Spain 181 bi
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Chapter 9 Almohads (AI-Mowahad) Rul
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Almohads (Al-Mowahad) Rule in Spain
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Almohads (Al-Mowahad ) Rule in Spai
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194 The History of Islam Muhammad b
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Chapter 1 Granada Ibn Al-Ahmar Nasr
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Granada 199 were angry with the Min
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Granada 201 Waleed then hid one tho
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Granada 203 Khatib to Abu Salim bin
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Granada 205 Sultan Yuiuf HI Immedia
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Granada 207 pay annual tribute to t
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esumed Granada 209 Sultan Ibn Ismai
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Granada 211 the inexperienced Musli
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Granada 213 advances of the Christi
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Granada 215 End of Islamic Rule In
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Granada 217 13. After sixty days fr
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Granada 219 network of roads and ca
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Chapter 12 Morocco and North Africa
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Morocco and North Africa 223 child
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Morocco and North Africa 225 the mo
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Morocco and North Africa 227 Battle
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Morocco and North Africa . 229 woul
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Morocco arid North Africa 231 the o
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Morocco and North Africa 233 Abul G
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Morocco and North Africa 235 End of
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238 The History of Islam with the I
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240 The History of Islam Ubaidullah
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242 The History of Islam insurgence
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244 The History of Islam had played
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246 The History of Islam from the s
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248 The History of Islam Ghalib had
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250 The History of Islam he refuse
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252 The History of Islam out to fig
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254 The History of Islam already be
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256 The History of Islam number of
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' Mm 258 The History of Islam Hasan
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5 and . 260 The History of Islam Mu
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262 The History of Islam Death of H
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264 The History of Islam the throne
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266 The History of Islam Consequenc
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268 The History of Islam Salahuddin
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Chapter 1 Qaramatians of Bahrain Ya
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Qaramatians of Bahrain ___ 273 The
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Qaramatians of Bahrain 275 Abu Mans
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and aligned with their historical e
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Se 280 The History of Islam and pat
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282 The History of Islam The Govern
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284 The History of Islam Those Assa
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286 The History of Islam have also
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288 The History of islam asked them
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290 The History of Islam Removal Of
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292 The History of Islam Interpreta
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294 The History of Islam treaty, Ta
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298 The History of Islam to Bukhara
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300 The History of lslam Ghazni and
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302 The History of Islam were Jar a
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304 The History of Islam Death Of G
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^ The History of Islam and to becom
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308 The History of Islam returned t
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310 The History of Islam and attack
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312 The History of Islam virtue of
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314 The History of Islam wearing co
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316 The History of Islam Gaykhatu K
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318 The History of Islam Syria once
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320 The History of Islam Assassinat
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322 The History of Islam take on th
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324 The History of Islam Khan. Thus
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326 The History of Islam through th
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328 The History of Islam earlier co
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330 The History of Islam luxury and
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332 The History of Islam subduing A
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^owever 334 The History of Islam Al
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336 The History of Islam had divide
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He 338 The History of Islam In the
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340 The History of Islam Seljuk Dyn
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342 The History of Islam Romans (pr
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344 The History of Islam with each
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346 The History of Islam Alauddin G
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348 The History of Islam Following
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350 The History of Islam post. He t
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Chapter 1 Brief Supplement Of The I
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Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
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Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
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' Brief Supplement Of The Islamic H
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Chapter 19 Ottoman Dynasty We have
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Ottoman Dynasty 363 out and the Mon
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Ottoman Dynasty 365 intrigues of hi
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Ottoman Dynasty 367 sword and girdl
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370 The History of Islam counted am
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372 The History of Islam fully awar
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374 The History of Islam them into
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376 The History of Islam found his
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378 The History of Islam was making
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380 The History of Islam battlefiel
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382 The History of Islam unable to
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384 The History of Islam (northwest
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386 preparations against commanders
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388 The History of Islam Being sati
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390 The History of Islam freshness
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392 The History of Islam superior n
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394 The Histon/ of Islam an iron ca
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396 The History of Islam During the
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398 The History of Islam Sultan Muh
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Ill The History of Islam Constantin
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402 The History of Islam all such t
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The 404 • History of Islam and th
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406 The History of Islam In the wak
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408 The History of Islam grown very
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410 The History of Islam In 852 A.H
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412 The History of Islam First of a
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414 The History of Islam cracks app
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416 The History of Islam kept pushi
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418 The History of Islam emissary m
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420 The History of Islam his force
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422 The History of Islam Iran and A
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^ 424 The History of Islam acceded
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426 The History of Islam conquest.
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428 The History of Islam the Madras
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Chapter 2 Civil Wars after Sultan t
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gvil Wars after Sultan the Conquero
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Civil Wars after Sultan the Conquer
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civ il Wars after Sultan the Conque
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Civil Wars after Sultan the Conq ue
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the Civil Wars after Sultan the Con
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History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

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