History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

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42 The History of Islam the deputation approached the new Caliph, he took the immediate step of deposing Harb bin Abdur Rahman and replaced him Samh with bin Malik Khulani. Harb ruled in Spain for two years arid eight months. ^ Samh bin Malik Even though Samh bin Malik was a military man and was also among the companions of Tariq bin Zeyad, he worked hard to promote justice and prosperity among the people. His rule was, in fact, the reflection of Umar bin Abdul Aziz's noble caliphate. Census in Spain Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz ordered a census in Spain to know the exact number of tribes and sections of people in the country. Samh then populated the Berbers in the deserted areas and induced them to take to agriculture and crafts, which they did with success. He then drew a geographical map of Spain delineating the population of every city and town, its physical position, distance between cities, rivers, mountains and other important details. The map was sent to the Caliph. Rules and regulations regarding trade and commerce, agriculture, fiz'yah (poll tax) ash'r (one- tenth), khum's (one-fifth) and tribute were enacted . Besides, he built a number of mosques and bridges in various cities. Peace and justice prevailed over all of Spain. Samh achieved the same position among the Muslim Governors in Spain that Umar bin Abdul Aziz had among the Muslim umayyad Caliphs. Expedition to Southern France In view of Samh bin Malik's earlier style of governance nobody could expect that he would also be a great warrior. After finishing his task of consolidating and regulating his administration, he led his forces into southern France. This part of France had some strong states. The most belligerent to the Muslims was ruled by the fugitive Goths from Spain who had fled with as much possessions as they could carry with them. They were the worst enemy of the Muslims and their state was supposed to be strong and formidable. The Gauls ruled another State,
Rulers of Spain 43 their capital was in Touiousse. Crossing the Pyrenees Governor Samh invaded and captured Narbonne city and then the whole State. They also captured substantial spoils of war. His next target was Touiousse. After a fierce battle, the Muslim troops laid siege to the city. When Touiousse city was about to fall, the Duke of Acton, a Christian ruler appeared with a large force. Governor Samh had already much fewer troops, some of whom had been left in Narbonne. However, Samh drew the battle line dauntlessly and made an impassioned speech to his force. Thus, the scene of the battle between Tariq and Roderick was repeated. Martyrdom of Samh At a time when the Muslims were pushing the Christians back, an arrow hit the throat of Samh and he succumbed to it. Although the Muslim force felt discouraged, they did not give in. They elected Abdur Rahman bin Abdullah Ghafqi as their leader and commander who drew back with enough caution to deny the Christians any opportunity to chase them. Abdur Rahman bin Abdullah Ghafqi * Historians have generally admired the courage and caution with which Abdur Rahman bin Abdullah Ghafqi pulled out his force safely from the battleground. While coming back from Touiousse to Narbonne, the Muslim forces could have been plundered on the way. ut whenever and wherever the Christians made such attempts, they suffered a disaster. Having arrived in Narbonne Abdur Rahman qi set about bringing back courage, strength and normalcy to the us im force. He then marched against those who had shown signs of revo t owing to the Muslim setback in Touiousse. Abdur Rahman's Deposition marching to France Governor Samh had deputed Anbasa bin lm 10 l°°k after the administration. He had also reinf dispatched *r°m Spain but Abdur Rahman had already his finished ^ h 'S retUm fr°m the baltlefie,d, he (Abdur Rahman) was toS left 0* aS Governor - But m a short dme, Abdur Rahman was deposed" pusea on charges of concentrating power in the hands of the army
Page 1 and 2: The History of ISLAM 5V Volume Thre
Page 3 and 4: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • &jh*t** £*
Page 5 and 6: In the Name of Allah the Most Benef
Page 7 and 8: 6 The History of Islam In this seco
Page 9 and 10: 8 The History of Islam The First St
Page 11 and 12: 10 The History of Islam Chapter »
Page 13 and 14: — The History of Islam Accession
Page 15 and 16: 14 The History of Islam Musta'in Bi
Page 17 and 18: 16 King Muhammad Sultan Yusuf Sulta
Page 19 and 20: 18 The History of Islam Death of Az
Page 21 and 22: 20 The History of Islam Cowardice O
Page 23 and 24: 22 The History of Islam The Battle
Page 25 and 26: 24 The History of Islam Two big riv
Page 27 and 28: 26 The History of Islam effects on
Page 29 and 30: 28 The History of Islam to Ceuta, i
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Islamic Rule In Spain The
Page 33 and 34: Islamic Rule In Spain 33 Tariq bin
Page 35 and 36: Islamic Rule In Spain 35 Musa bin N
Page 37 and 38: iciamicRule In Spain considered as
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Rulers of Spain Abdul Azi
Page 41: Rulers of Spain 41 Abdul Aziz bin M
Page 45 and 46: Rulers of Spain 45 people became an
Page 47 and 48: Rulers of Spain 47 Uthman assassina
Page 49 and 50: Rulers of Spain 49 Utbah bin HajjaJ
Page 51 and 52: Rulers of Spain 51 Straits. Even th
Page 53 and 54: Rulers of Spain 53 Political Mistak
Page 55 and 56: Rulers of Spain 55 the French terri
Page 57 and 58: Rulers of Spain 57 Finally, Ibn Hat
Page 59 and 60: Rulers of Spain 59 eluded the Musli
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 4 The Spainish Caliphs Abdu
Page 63 and 64: The Spainish Caliphs 63 discovered
Page 65 and 66: The Spainish Caliphs 65 Rebellions
Page 67 and 68: The Spainish Caliphs 67 grandeur he
Page 69 and 70: The Spainish Caliphs 69 Rebels anni
Page 71 and 72: The Spainish Caliphs 71 powerful at
Page 73 and 74: The Spainish Caliphs 73 revolt repe
Page 75 and 76: The Spainish Caliphs 75 plains. Dur
Page 77 and 78: The Spainish Caliphs 77 all over hi
Page 79 and 80: The Spairtish Caliphs 79 to assess
Page 81 and 82: The Spainish Caliphs 81 Battle Ghal
Page 83 and 84: The Spain ish Caliphs 83 that the o
Page 85 and 86: The Spainish Caliphs 85 Madinah at
Page 87 and 88: The Spanish Caliphs 87 Governor of
Page 89 and 90: The Spainish Caliphs 89 friendship
Page 91 and 92: The Spainish Caliphs 91 Spain slipp
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The Spainish Caliphs 93 about them.
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The Spainish Caliphs 95 violent and
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The Spainish Caliphs 97 Disasters o
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The Spainish Caliphs 99 died before
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The Spainish Caliphs 101 with the r
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The Spainish Caliphs 103 Cordova. H
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The Spairtish Caliphs 105 movement
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The Spain ish Caliphs 107 Christian
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The Spainish Caliphs 109 was wheat-
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The Spainish Caliphs 111 people of
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The Spainish Caliphs 113 captured H
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The Spainish Caliphs 115 bounds of
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The Spainish Caliphs 117 The first
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The Spainish Caliphs 119 Condition
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The Spainish Caliphs 121 Children S
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124 The History of Islam Following
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i26 The History of Islam other chie
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128 The History of Islam The number
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130 The History of Abdur Rahman on
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132 The History of Islam Three Peti
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134 The History of lsiam (Qasr al-K
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136 The History of Islam fifty year
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138 The History of Islam the city c
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140 The History of Islam leaders fe
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142 The History of Islam Having hea
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144 The History of Islam A r-Rashid
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146 The History of Islam 349 A.H. a
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148 The History ofIslam 2. Queen Sa
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150 The History of Islam Sabah, the
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152 The History of Islam Assessment
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154 The History of Islam friends of
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. The History of Islam Berbers were
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158 The History of Islam End of His
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Bani Hamud's Chapter 6 (Hammudid's)
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Batti Hamud's (Hammudid's) Rule 163
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succeeded Bant Hamud's (Hammudid' s
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Chapter 7 State of Anarchy Banu Abb
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State ofAnarchy 169 Mu'tamid bin Mu
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State of Anarchy 171 peace between
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State ofAnarchy 173 Abu Umar was ki
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Chapter 8 Christian Brutality in Sp
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uction Brutality in Spain X 177 ain
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Christian Brutality in Spain 179 te
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Christian Brutality in Spain 181 bi
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Chapter 9 Almohads (AI-Mowahad) Rul
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Almohads (Al-Mowahad) Rule in Spain
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Almohads (Al-Mowahad ) Rule in Spai
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194 The History of Islam Muhammad b
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Chapter 1 Granada Ibn Al-Ahmar Nasr
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Granada 199 were angry with the Min
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Granada 201 Waleed then hid one tho
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Granada 203 Khatib to Abu Salim bin
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Granada 205 Sultan Yuiuf HI Immedia
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Granada 207 pay annual tribute to t
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esumed Granada 209 Sultan Ibn Ismai
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Granada 211 the inexperienced Musli
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Granada 213 advances of the Christi
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Granada 215 End of Islamic Rule In
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Granada 217 13. After sixty days fr
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Granada 219 network of roads and ca
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Chapter 12 Morocco and North Africa
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Morocco and North Africa 223 child
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Morocco and North Africa 225 the mo
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Morocco and North Africa 227 Battle
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Morocco and North Africa . 229 woul
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Morocco arid North Africa 231 the o
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Morocco and North Africa 233 Abul G
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Morocco and North Africa 235 End of
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238 The History of Islam with the I
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240 The History of Islam Ubaidullah
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242 The History of Islam insurgence
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244 The History of Islam had played
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246 The History of Islam from the s
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248 The History of Islam Ghalib had
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250 The History of Islam he refuse
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252 The History of Islam out to fig
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254 The History of Islam already be
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256 The History of Islam number of
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' Mm 258 The History of Islam Hasan
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5 and . 260 The History of Islam Mu
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262 The History of Islam Death of H
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264 The History of Islam the throne
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266 The History of Islam Consequenc
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268 The History of Islam Salahuddin
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Chapter 1 Qaramatians of Bahrain Ya
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Qaramatians of Bahrain ___ 273 The
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Qaramatians of Bahrain 275 Abu Mans
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and aligned with their historical e
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Se 280 The History of Islam and pat
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282 The History of Islam The Govern
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284 The History of Islam Those Assa
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286 The History of Islam have also
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288 The History of islam asked them
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290 The History of Islam Removal Of
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292 The History of Islam Interpreta
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294 The History of Islam treaty, Ta
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298 The History of Islam to Bukhara
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300 The History of lslam Ghazni and
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302 The History of Islam were Jar a
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304 The History of Islam Death Of G
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^ The History of Islam and to becom
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308 The History of Islam returned t
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310 The History of Islam and attack
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312 The History of Islam virtue of
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314 The History of Islam wearing co
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316 The History of Islam Gaykhatu K
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318 The History of Islam Syria once
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320 The History of Islam Assassinat
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322 The History of Islam take on th
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324 The History of Islam Khan. Thus
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326 The History of Islam through th
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328 The History of Islam earlier co
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330 The History of Islam luxury and
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332 The History of Islam subduing A
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^owever 334 The History of Islam Al
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336 The History of Islam had divide
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He 338 The History of Islam In the
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340 The History of Islam Seljuk Dyn
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342 The History of Islam Romans (pr
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344 The History of Islam with each
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346 The History of Islam Alauddin G
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348 The History of Islam Following
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350 The History of Islam post. He t
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Chapter 1 Brief Supplement Of The I
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Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
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Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
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' Brief Supplement Of The Islamic H
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Chapter 19 Ottoman Dynasty We have
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Ottoman Dynasty 363 out and the Mon
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Ottoman Dynasty 365 intrigues of hi
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Ottoman Dynasty 367 sword and girdl
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370 The History of Islam counted am
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372 The History of Islam fully awar
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374 The History of Islam them into
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376 The History of Islam found his
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378 The History of Islam was making
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380 The History of Islam battlefiel
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382 The History of Islam unable to
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384 The History of Islam (northwest
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386 preparations against commanders
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388 The History of Islam Being sati
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390 The History of Islam freshness
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392 The History of Islam superior n
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394 The Histon/ of Islam an iron ca
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396 The History of Islam During the
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398 The History of Islam Sultan Muh
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Ill The History of Islam Constantin
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402 The History of Islam all such t
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The 404 • History of Islam and th
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406 The History of Islam In the wak
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408 The History of Islam grown very
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410 The History of Islam In 852 A.H
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412 The History of Islam First of a
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414 The History of Islam cracks app
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416 The History of Islam kept pushi
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418 The History of Islam emissary m
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420 The History of Islam his force
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422 The History of Islam Iran and A
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^ 424 The History of Islam acceded
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426 The History of Islam conquest.
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428 The History of Islam the Madras
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Chapter 2 Civil Wars after Sultan t
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gvil Wars after Sultan the Conquero
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Civil Wars after Sultan the Conquer
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civ il Wars after Sultan the Conque
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Civil Wars after Sultan the Conq ue
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the Civil Wars after Sultan the Con
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History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

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