History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

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118 The History of Islam Mundhir was yet to arrive in his capital when he heard of Ibn Hafsun's revolt. He turned back right from there and surrounded the city. Ibn Hafsun begged pardon very humbly and agreed to accompany the Sultan to Cordova. Sultan Mundhir took him to the capital with honor. Sultan Mundhir had decided to invade Toledo shortly after reaching Cordova and only would considered something else after conquering Toledo. He was wise enough to understand the importance of Toledo with respect to its situation while his predecessors had failed to recognize this fact. Toledo was situated in the middle of Spain and was strong enough to curb the territorial ambitions of the Northern Christian States. Although Sultan Mundhir had decided to utilize Umar bin Hafsun's abilities in some suitable job, Ibn Hafsun thought of the fate of Hashim bin Abdul Aziz and fled away by hiding from Mundhir's men. He once again went straight to his fort and took refuge therein and his people rejoined him. Death of Sultan Mundhir Sultan Mundhir turned back once again and besieged the fort. Umar bin Hafsun put up a strong fight with the result the siege dragged on. The fort was yet to be conquered when Sultan Mundhir died in 275 A.H. at the age of 46 years after ruling for less than two years. He had no male child so the nobles made the oath of allegiance to his brother Abdullah. Accession of Abdullah Abdullah recognized the rule of Umar bin Hafsun. He then took the funeral bier of his brother and moved towards Cordova. Arab commanders started criticizing him on the way and their condemnation rose to such an extent that all but less than a hundred soldiers deserted him by the time Abdullah stepped in Cordova with the body of Sultan Mundhir. First Weakness of Abdullah The first mistake committed by Sultan Abdullah bin Muhammad s ortly after accession was that he immediately recognized Umar bin afsun as a ruler, although he could have won much support if he had conquered the fort.
The Spainish Caliphs 119 Condition of the Umayyads during the Rule of Abdullah At the time of the accession of Abdullah the condition of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain had touched a new low. The treasury was empty. The annual revenue, which had once gone up to one million dinars had now come down to one hundred thousand dinars annually. Apart from the Christian States Cordova had given birth to two strong rivals, which were equal to the central rule. On one side was Umar bin Hafsun and Ibn Marwan on the other. Ibn Hafsun was wiser and his style of governance had attracted a larger number of people and they liked to be governed by him. But since he was declared an apostate, many Muslims withdraw their support from him and turned towards his rival Ibn Marwan. Ibn Hafsun had no truck with the Christians despite his being labeled an apostate but Ibn Marwan, despite being a Muslim had friendly relations with Alfonso, the ruler of Asturias and others. Some Arab chiefs had their estates in the environs of Seville and had settled there. But in view of the turbulent situation, they rose in revolt and occupied Seville. The same types of feudal rulers seized Granada. Thus, two more power bases rose as Ibn Hafsun and Ibn Marwan's rivals. These four all took up arms against each other and Cordova had no power to punish any of them. He sometimes played the role of a peacemaker because each of them recognized Abdullah bin Muhammad as his king, although they were all independent in practice paying no tribute to the king. But since the Arab chiefs did not treat the new-Muslims well they in large number left to join Ibn Marwan. During the same period, two Governors of the Northern cities inflicted a heavy setback on the Christian plans to end the Muslim occupation of Spain. Governor Lab bin Muhammad of Talsuna with a small band drove away the forces of the king of Asturias when he moved towards the south. Abdur Rahman bin Marwan on the other hand sent word to his friend, the king of Asturias that he would be the first man to take him on in case he overstepped his bounds. This warning silenced the Christians for sometime for they knew well that their invasions would help to bring the warring Muslim powers together. Ibn Hafsun very cleverly corresponded with Aghlabid Africa and requested to make the Abbas.d Caliph Issue him
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The History of ISLAM 5V Volume Thre
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • &jh*t** £*
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In the Name of Allah the Most Benef
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6 The History of Islam In this seco
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8 The History of Islam The First St
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10 The History of Islam Chapter »
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— The History of Islam Accession
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14 The History of Islam Musta'in Bi
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16 King Muhammad Sultan Yusuf Sulta
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18 The History of Islam Death of Az
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20 The History of Islam Cowardice O
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22 The History of Islam The Battle
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24 The History of Islam Two big riv
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26 The History of Islam effects on
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28 The History of Islam to Ceuta, i
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Chapter 2 Islamic Rule In Spain The
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Islamic Rule In Spain 33 Tariq bin
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Islamic Rule In Spain 35 Musa bin N
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iciamicRule In Spain considered as
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Chapter 3 Rulers of Spain Abdul Azi
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Rulers of Spain 41 Abdul Aziz bin M
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Rulers of Spain 43 their capital wa
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Rulers of Spain 45 people became an
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Rulers of Spain 47 Uthman assassina
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Rulers of Spain 49 Utbah bin HajjaJ
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Rulers of Spain 51 Straits. Even th
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Rulers of Spain 53 Political Mistak
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Rulers of Spain 55 the French terri
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Rulers of Spain 57 Finally, Ibn Hat
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Rulers of Spain 59 eluded the Musli
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Chapter 4 The Spainish Caliphs Abdu
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The Spainish Caliphs 63 discovered
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The Spainish Caliphs 65 Rebellions
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Page 123 and 124: 124 The History of Islam Following
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Page 127 and 128: 128 The History of Islam The number
Page 129 and 130: 130 The History of Abdur Rahman on
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Page 133 and 134: 134 The History of lsiam (Qasr al-K
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Page 167 and 168: State ofAnarchy 169 Mu'tamid bin Mu
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State of Anarchy 171 peace between
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State ofAnarchy 173 Abu Umar was ki
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Chapter 8 Christian Brutality in Sp
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uction Brutality in Spain X 177 ain
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Christian Brutality in Spain 179 te
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Christian Brutality in Spain 181 bi
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Chapter 9 Almohads (AI-Mowahad) Rul
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Almohads (Al-Mowahad) Rule in Spain
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Almohads (Al-Mowahad ) Rule in Spai
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194 The History of Islam Muhammad b
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Chapter 1 Granada Ibn Al-Ahmar Nasr
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Granada 199 were angry with the Min
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Granada 201 Waleed then hid one tho
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Granada 203 Khatib to Abu Salim bin
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Granada 205 Sultan Yuiuf HI Immedia
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Granada 207 pay annual tribute to t
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esumed Granada 209 Sultan Ibn Ismai
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Granada 211 the inexperienced Musli
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Granada 213 advances of the Christi
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Granada 215 End of Islamic Rule In
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Granada 217 13. After sixty days fr
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Granada 219 network of roads and ca
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Chapter 12 Morocco and North Africa
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Morocco and North Africa 223 child
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Morocco and North Africa 225 the mo
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Morocco and North Africa 227 Battle
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Morocco and North Africa . 229 woul
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Morocco arid North Africa 231 the o
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Morocco and North Africa 233 Abul G
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Morocco and North Africa 235 End of
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238 The History of Islam with the I
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240 The History of Islam Ubaidullah
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242 The History of Islam insurgence
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244 The History of Islam had played
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246 The History of Islam from the s
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248 The History of Islam Ghalib had
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250 The History of Islam he refuse
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252 The History of Islam out to fig
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254 The History of Islam already be
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256 The History of Islam number of
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' Mm 258 The History of Islam Hasan
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5 and . 260 The History of Islam Mu
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262 The History of Islam Death of H
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264 The History of Islam the throne
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266 The History of Islam Consequenc
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268 The History of Islam Salahuddin
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Chapter 1 Qaramatians of Bahrain Ya
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Qaramatians of Bahrain ___ 273 The
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Qaramatians of Bahrain 275 Abu Mans
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and aligned with their historical e
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Se 280 The History of Islam and pat
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282 The History of Islam The Govern
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284 The History of Islam Those Assa
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286 The History of Islam have also
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288 The History of islam asked them
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290 The History of Islam Removal Of
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292 The History of Islam Interpreta
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294 The History of Islam treaty, Ta
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298 The History of Islam to Bukhara
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300 The History of lslam Ghazni and
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302 The History of Islam were Jar a
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304 The History of Islam Death Of G
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^ The History of Islam and to becom
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308 The History of Islam returned t
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310 The History of Islam and attack
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312 The History of Islam virtue of
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314 The History of Islam wearing co
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316 The History of Islam Gaykhatu K
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318 The History of Islam Syria once
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320 The History of Islam Assassinat
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322 The History of Islam take on th
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324 The History of Islam Khan. Thus
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326 The History of Islam through th
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328 The History of Islam earlier co
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330 The History of Islam luxury and
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332 The History of Islam subduing A
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^owever 334 The History of Islam Al
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336 The History of Islam had divide
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He 338 The History of Islam In the
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340 The History of Islam Seljuk Dyn
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342 The History of Islam Romans (pr
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344 The History of Islam with each
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346 The History of Islam Alauddin G
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348 The History of Islam Following
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350 The History of Islam post. He t
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Chapter 1 Brief Supplement Of The I
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Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
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Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
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' Brief Supplement Of The Islamic H
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Chapter 19 Ottoman Dynasty We have
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Ottoman Dynasty 363 out and the Mon
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Ottoman Dynasty 365 intrigues of hi
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Ottoman Dynasty 367 sword and girdl
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370 The History of Islam counted am
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372 The History of Islam fully awar
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374 The History of Islam them into
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376 The History of Islam found his
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378 The History of Islam was making
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380 The History of Islam battlefiel
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382 The History of Islam unable to
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384 The History of Islam (northwest
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386 preparations against commanders
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388 The History of Islam Being sati
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390 The History of Islam freshness
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392 The History of Islam superior n
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394 The Histon/ of Islam an iron ca
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396 The History of Islam During the
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398 The History of Islam Sultan Muh
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Ill The History of Islam Constantin
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402 The History of Islam all such t
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The 404 • History of Islam and th
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406 The History of Islam In the wak
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408 The History of Islam grown very
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410 The History of Islam In 852 A.H
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412 The History of Islam First of a
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414 The History of Islam cracks app
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416 The History of Islam kept pushi
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418 The History of Islam emissary m
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420 The History of Islam his force
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422 The History of Islam Iran and A
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^ 424 The History of Islam acceded
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426 The History of Islam conquest.
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428 The History of Islam the Madras
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Chapter 2 Civil Wars after Sultan t
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gvil Wars after Sultan the Conquero
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Civil Wars after Sultan the Conquer
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civ il Wars after Sultan the Conque
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Civil Wars after Sultan the Conq ue
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the Civil Wars after Sultan the Con
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History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

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