History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

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58 The History ofIslam never suffered any trouble and they had ample opportunity for economic development and academic progress. They received all of this simply in return for their allegiance. At first, the Muslims had a great zeal for victory and reached the central areas of France. But very shortly in Spain, civil wars broke out and their military advances were halted and the Christian powers had time and opportunity to contemplate their plight. During these fifty years of Muslim rule, a different caliber of ruler came into power and the Spanish population saw an era of all-round development. Moreover, the victorious Muslim rulers began to marry Christian women who played a very effective role in softening their attitude to the Christians. They were no longer the objects of hate for them and the Muslims did a lot to educate and train the Christians. Gradually, they grew so strong that they would seek military help from their Muslim neighbors during their internal disputes. When the Muslims came to Spain and the rule of Christian Goths came to end, the bishops and the commanders who had once fought the Muslims fled to the north. Muslim invaders had entered Spain from the southern side, which was fertile, pleasant and relatively warm and they populated this part of the country: The Arab people did not like the northern part, which was hilly and cold and less fertile. The Muslim invaders conquered the southern part but they entered the hilly areas of the Pyrenees only when they were chasing fugitives. Although this resulted in the Muslim “ conquest of Catalonia arbonne c,vil war broke ? among the Muslims, and because of this they held back their advances. Sovereign Christian Rule in the Northern Areas Hilly Ranges of Spain Pelayo ac * ne 8*'gence on the part of the early Muslim conquerors ^**7 Anh costl y ,n future. It has already been mentioned that ” had left unpunished a privateer named Pelayo who had
Rulers of Spain 59 eluded the Muslims in the passes of the Pyrenees . When he set up his camp in the Pyrenees, he attracted the Christians who had been scattered and the bishops who brought the valuables of the Spanish churches. Thus, Pelayo's group in the hills grew strong in a very short time. Even though Pelayo's seat of power was, on all sides, surrounded by Muslim territories all of them ignored this group and never made a campaign against them thinking that they would never pose any real danger to the Muslims. It was logical to some extent for neither Pelayo nor the Christians ever mustered enough courage to descend from the high hills to take on the Muslims in the lowlands. bishops who brought valuable gifts and relics to Pelayo made But the him a religious leader and a protector of the Christian relics. He remained confined to a small hilly area for about twelve or thirteen years. During this period he kept receiving supplies from the Christians. With the passage of time Pelayo rose in glory and the Christians would visit him from far off places, and pay him regards and see the relics. The negligence of Muslims encouraged the Christians to Consider this an empire on its own and declared Pelayo their king and protector of their religion. Alfonso On Pelayo's death his son came to power but he too expired after two or three years. Then Alfonso, the son-in-law of Pelayo was elected king and commander. The Muslims, on the other hand, were so deeply engaged in civil wars that they did not turn their attention to the emerging hilly State. Alfonso invited the Christians of Galicia, Aragon, and Catalonia to settle in the hills. He went to the extent of raiding and capturing those Christians who were reluctant to leave their fertile lands and brought them to populate the areas around his capital. The Capital of the Christian State Asturias was made the capital of this sovereign rule of the Christians. Constant sermons of the bishops made the unwilling Christians come live there in peace. Gradually, the Christian population rose to such an
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The History of ISLAM 5V Volume Thre
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • &jh*t** £*
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In the Name of Allah the Most Benef
Page 7 and 8: 6 The History of Islam In this seco
Page 9 and 10: 8 The History of Islam The First St
Page 11 and 12: 10 The History of Islam Chapter »
Page 13 and 14: — The History of Islam Accession
Page 15 and 16: 14 The History of Islam Musta'in Bi
Page 17 and 18: 16 King Muhammad Sultan Yusuf Sulta
Page 19 and 20: 18 The History of Islam Death of Az
Page 21 and 22: 20 The History of Islam Cowardice O
Page 23 and 24: 22 The History of Islam The Battle
Page 25 and 26: 24 The History of Islam Two big riv
Page 27 and 28: 26 The History of Islam effects on
Page 29 and 30: 28 The History of Islam to Ceuta, i
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Islamic Rule In Spain The
Page 33 and 34: Islamic Rule In Spain 33 Tariq bin
Page 35 and 36: Islamic Rule In Spain 35 Musa bin N
Page 37 and 38: iciamicRule In Spain considered as
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Rulers of Spain Abdul Azi
Page 41 and 42: Rulers of Spain 41 Abdul Aziz bin M
Page 43 and 44: Rulers of Spain 43 their capital wa
Page 45 and 46: Rulers of Spain 45 people became an
Page 47 and 48: Rulers of Spain 47 Uthman assassina
Page 49 and 50: Rulers of Spain 49 Utbah bin HajjaJ
Page 51 and 52: Rulers of Spain 51 Straits. Even th
Page 53 and 54: Rulers of Spain 53 Political Mistak
Page 55 and 56: Rulers of Spain 55 the French terri
Page 57: Rulers of Spain 57 Finally, Ibn Hat
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 4 The Spainish Caliphs Abdu
Page 63 and 64: The Spainish Caliphs 63 discovered
Page 65 and 66: The Spainish Caliphs 65 Rebellions
Page 67 and 68: The Spainish Caliphs 67 grandeur he
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Page 79 and 80: The Spairtish Caliphs 79 to assess
Page 81 and 82: The Spainish Caliphs 81 Battle Ghal
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Page 85 and 86: The Spainish Caliphs 85 Madinah at
Page 87 and 88: The Spanish Caliphs 87 Governor of
Page 89 and 90: The Spainish Caliphs 89 friendship
Page 91 and 92: The Spainish Caliphs 91 Spain slipp
Page 93 and 94: The Spainish Caliphs 93 about them.
Page 95 and 96: The Spainish Caliphs 95 violent and
Page 97 and 98: The Spainish Caliphs 97 Disasters o
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The Spainish Caliphs 109 was wheat-
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The Spainish Caliphs 111 people of
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The Spainish Caliphs 113 captured H
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The Spainish Caliphs 115 bounds of
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The Spainish Caliphs 117 The first
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The Spainish Caliphs 119 Condition
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The Spainish Caliphs 121 Children S
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124 The History of Islam Following
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i26 The History of Islam other chie
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128 The History of Islam The number
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130 The History of Abdur Rahman on
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132 The History of Islam Three Peti
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134 The History of lsiam (Qasr al-K
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136 The History of Islam fifty year
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138 The History of Islam the city c
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140 The History of Islam leaders fe
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142 The History of Islam Having hea
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144 The History of Islam A r-Rashid
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146 The History of Islam 349 A.H. a
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148 The History ofIslam 2. Queen Sa
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150 The History of Islam Sabah, the
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152 The History of Islam Assessment
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154 The History of Islam friends of
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. The History of Islam Berbers were
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158 The History of Islam End of His
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Bani Hamud's Chapter 6 (Hammudid's)
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Batti Hamud's (Hammudid's) Rule 163
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succeeded Bant Hamud's (Hammudid' s
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Chapter 7 State of Anarchy Banu Abb
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State ofAnarchy 169 Mu'tamid bin Mu
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State of Anarchy 171 peace between
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State ofAnarchy 173 Abu Umar was ki
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Chapter 8 Christian Brutality in Sp
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uction Brutality in Spain X 177 ain
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Christian Brutality in Spain 179 te
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Christian Brutality in Spain 181 bi
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Chapter 9 Almohads (AI-Mowahad) Rul
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Almohads (Al-Mowahad) Rule in Spain
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Almohads (Al-Mowahad ) Rule in Spai
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194 The History of Islam Muhammad b
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Chapter 1 Granada Ibn Al-Ahmar Nasr
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Granada 199 were angry with the Min
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Granada 201 Waleed then hid one tho
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Granada 203 Khatib to Abu Salim bin
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Granada 205 Sultan Yuiuf HI Immedia
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Granada 207 pay annual tribute to t
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esumed Granada 209 Sultan Ibn Ismai
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Granada 211 the inexperienced Musli
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Granada 213 advances of the Christi
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Granada 215 End of Islamic Rule In
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Granada 217 13. After sixty days fr
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Granada 219 network of roads and ca
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Chapter 12 Morocco and North Africa
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Morocco and North Africa 223 child
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Morocco and North Africa 225 the mo
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Morocco and North Africa 227 Battle
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Morocco and North Africa . 229 woul
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Morocco arid North Africa 231 the o
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Morocco and North Africa 233 Abul G
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Morocco and North Africa 235 End of
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238 The History of Islam with the I
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240 The History of Islam Ubaidullah
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242 The History of Islam insurgence
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244 The History of Islam had played
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246 The History of Islam from the s
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248 The History of Islam Ghalib had
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250 The History of Islam he refuse
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252 The History of Islam out to fig
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254 The History of Islam already be
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256 The History of Islam number of
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' Mm 258 The History of Islam Hasan
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5 and . 260 The History of Islam Mu
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262 The History of Islam Death of H
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264 The History of Islam the throne
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266 The History of Islam Consequenc
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268 The History of Islam Salahuddin
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Chapter 1 Qaramatians of Bahrain Ya
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Qaramatians of Bahrain ___ 273 The
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Qaramatians of Bahrain 275 Abu Mans
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and aligned with their historical e
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Se 280 The History of Islam and pat
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282 The History of Islam The Govern
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284 The History of Islam Those Assa
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286 The History of Islam have also
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288 The History of islam asked them
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290 The History of Islam Removal Of
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292 The History of Islam Interpreta
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294 The History of Islam treaty, Ta
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298 The History of Islam to Bukhara
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300 The History of lslam Ghazni and
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302 The History of Islam were Jar a
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304 The History of Islam Death Of G
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^ The History of Islam and to becom
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308 The History of Islam returned t
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310 The History of Islam and attack
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312 The History of Islam virtue of
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314 The History of Islam wearing co
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316 The History of Islam Gaykhatu K
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318 The History of Islam Syria once
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320 The History of Islam Assassinat
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322 The History of Islam take on th
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324 The History of Islam Khan. Thus
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326 The History of Islam through th
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328 The History of Islam earlier co
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330 The History of Islam luxury and
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332 The History of Islam subduing A
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^owever 334 The History of Islam Al
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336 The History of Islam had divide
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He 338 The History of Islam In the
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340 The History of Islam Seljuk Dyn
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342 The History of Islam Romans (pr
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344 The History of Islam with each
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346 The History of Islam Alauddin G
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348 The History of Islam Following
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350 The History of Islam post. He t
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Chapter 1 Brief Supplement Of The I
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Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
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Brief Supplement Of The Islamic His
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' Brief Supplement Of The Islamic H
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Chapter 19 Ottoman Dynasty We have
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Ottoman Dynasty 363 out and the Mon
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Ottoman Dynasty 365 intrigues of hi
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Ottoman Dynasty 367 sword and girdl
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370 The History of Islam counted am
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372 The History of Islam fully awar
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374 The History of Islam them into
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376 The History of Islam found his
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378 The History of Islam was making
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380 The History of Islam battlefiel
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382 The History of Islam unable to
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384 The History of Islam (northwest
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386 preparations against commanders
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388 The History of Islam Being sati
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390 The History of Islam freshness
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392 The History of Islam superior n
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394 The Histon/ of Islam an iron ca
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396 The History of Islam During the
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398 The History of Islam Sultan Muh
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Ill The History of Islam Constantin
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402 The History of Islam all such t
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The 404 • History of Islam and th
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406 The History of Islam In the wak
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408 The History of Islam grown very
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410 The History of Islam In 852 A.H
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412 The History of Islam First of a
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414 The History of Islam cracks app
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416 The History of Islam kept pushi
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418 The History of Islam emissary m
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420 The History of Islam his force
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422 The History of Islam Iran and A
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^ 424 The History of Islam acceded
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426 The History of Islam conquest.
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428 The History of Islam the Madras
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Chapter 2 Civil Wars after Sultan t
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gvil Wars after Sultan the Conquero
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Civil Wars after Sultan the Conquer
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civ il Wars after Sultan the Conque
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Civil Wars after Sultan the Conq ue
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the Civil Wars after Sultan the Con
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History of Islam Vol 3 of 3 by Akbar Shah Najeebabadi

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