LECTURE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3rd EDITION ROBERT G. MORTIMER

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Criteria for Spontaneous Processes in Closed
Systems
The general criterion for spontaneous processes is
that the entropy of the universe must increase. We
now express this criterion in terms of the properties
of a closed system that can exchange heat and work
with its surroundings. We make the simplest
possible assumption about the surroundings: that the
surroundings have a very large thermal conductivity
and a very large heat capacity so that all processes
in the surroundings are reversible. Equation (3.2-27)
asserts that under these conditions all processes
must obey
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