LECTURE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3rd EDITION ROBERT G. MORTIMER

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2.3. Internal Energy:The First Law of
Thermodynamics
Based on the experiments of Rumford, Mayer,
Helmholtz, Joule, and many others since the time of
Joule, we now state the first law of thermodynamics
as it applies to a system whose kinetic and potential
energy do not change: For a closed system and for
any process that begins and ends with equilibrium
states
where q is the amount of heat transferred to the
system and w is the work done on the system and
where ∆U is the change in the value of U, the internal
energy, which is a state function:
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