LECTURE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3rd EDITION ROBERT G. MORTIMER

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•The third case is that of an isothermal system. If the
system is maintained at the constant temperature of
the surroundings (T = T surr ), Eq. (4.1-2) becomes
If our system is simple, dw = −P(transmitted) dV, and
There are two important cases for isothermal closed
simple systems.
- The first case is that of a constant volume, so
that dV = 0:
The Helmholtz energy is denoted by A and is defined
by
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