LECTURE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3rd EDITION ROBERT G. MORTIMER

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In electrolysis or charging a battery, a chemical
reaction is caused to proceed in the nonspontaneous
direction (the direction of increase of the Gibbs
energy) by passing an electric current through an
electrochemical cell, performing net work.
Anonsimple system can do work on the surroundings
by lowering its Gibbs energy, but Eq. (4.1-31)
provides a limit to the net work that can be done on
the surroundings:
For a finite process,
To do net work on the surroundings at constant T and P, a
process with a negative value of ∆G must be found.
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